Copyright TechTarget - All rights reserved https://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html Techtarget Feed Generator en Fri, 05 Jun 2026 05:13:15 GMT https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking editor@techtarget.com <p>Cisco is putting agentic AI in the spotlight at its 2026 conference, taking place May 31-June 4 in Las Vegas.</p> <p>Cisco Live 2026 will feature two keynotes from Cisco leadership focusing on agentic AI -- specifically, how the tech giant is helping enterprises create, secure and expand their agentic AI infrastructure. Keynote "Deep Dive" sessions invite conference-goers to learn more about Cisco's agentic initiatives, covering topics such as AgenticOps for autonomous network management.</p> <p>IT leaders and professionals attending the show can choose from more than 1,200 sessions, including technical seminars and instructor-led labs, and visit the World of Solutions hub for live demos and immersive experiences.</p> <p>Use this guide to catch up on Cisco news from the past year and highlights from the 2025 event. Once Cisco Live 2026 begins, check back for all the news, analysis and insights from the show.</p> Informa TechTarget's updating guide to Cisco Live 2026 covers the latest trends, emerging technologies and product announcements from the tech giant's annual conference. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/conference/Cisco-Live-conference-coverage-news-and-analysis Tue, 02 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT <p>Most organizations have embraced zero trust, but many are early in their adoption journey. Yet with the rising volume, velocity and sophistication of attacks, security teams are under pressure to accelerate those journeys.</p> <p>"We're definitely seeing higher rates of adoption today than one or two years ago," said Jimmy Nilsson, vice president of professional services at Kyndryl, a security consulting firm.</p> <p>Zscaler's ThreatLabz 2026 VPN Risk Report found that 84% of surveyed organizations had or were planning to implement a zero trust, up from 81% the prior year and 78% the year before that.</p> <p>Those figures, however, tell only part of the story. Researchers, security advisers and others in the field say enterprise security teams have just begun to take advantage of what zero trust can do to counter the many threats they face.</p> <p>Let's examine what zero trust is capable of and the specific uses cases where it can be put to work.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Zero-trust's capabilities"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Zero-trust's capabilities</h2> <p>Cybersecurity professionals view <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/zero-trust-model-zero-trust-network">zero trust</a> as an approach, a framework, a philosophy and a security model. Mike Monday, managing director of security and privacy at global business consulting firm Protiviti, called it an "engineering strategy."</p> <p>Zero trust is built on the idea that no user, device, system, workload or network segment -- even if it sits within an enterprise perimeter -- should be inherently trusted. Instead, the zero-trust security model requires entities to be authenticated and verified before they can access resources. Every access request must be authenticated, authorized and continuously validated based on identity, device health, context and risk signals.</p> <p>"That whole authentication has to happen through that end-to-end process," Monday explained.</p> <p>By removing inherent trust and adding authentication requirements and continuous validation, zero trust helps ensure that only authorized, authenticated entities are permitted access to an organization's IT environment and the data it holds. It also helps contain entities that do gain access, such as threat actors, by preventing unauthorized entities from moving freely throughout the environment.</p> <p>John Kindervag <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/History-and-evolution-of-zero-trust-security">introduced the zero-trust security model</a> in 2010 while he was an analyst at Forrester Research. He and other early advocates championed zero trust as a necessary replacement for the traditional castle-and-moat security model, which by default extends trust to anything within the corporate environment. Such a hard-perimeter, soft-interior model relies on firewalls. In an era when cloud computing and other technologies were quickly eliminating the perimeter, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Perimeter-security-vs-zero-trust-Its-time-to-make-the-move">this approach provided inadequate protection</a> against threat actors.</p> <p>A zero-trust environment requires a combination of security technologies and IT architecture patterns and principles. These technologies include identity and access management, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/multifactor-authentication-MFA">MFA</a>, zero trust network access (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/The-basics-of-zero-trust-network-access-explained">ZTNA</a>) and endpoint detection and response tools. Key enabling IT architectures include microsegmentation and microperimeters.</p> <p>"Zero trust is a journey. It's a way of leveraging various technologies to address a specific problem, which is securing networks and securing data," said Fritz Jean-Louis, principal cybersecurity advisor at Info-Tech Research Group.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Key use cases for zero trust"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Key use cases for zero trust</h2> <p>An organization can apply zero-trust principles in a variety of ways. Key use cases include the following:</p> <ul type="disc" class="default-list"> <li><b>Employees working on-site</b><b>.</b> Zero trust ensures on-site workers access only the systems and data necessary to perform their jobs at the time they need that access. This limits the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Five-common-insider-threats-and-how-to-mitigate-them">risks posed by insider threats</a>.</li> <li><b>Remote workers</b><b>.</b> With zero trust, remote workers access only the systems and data they are authorized to access when that access is required. They do so from devices and networks that are secure through contextual security enabled by ZTNA and other measures.</li> <li><b>Third parties</b><b>.</b> Zero trust can be applied to third parties outside the organization, such as contractors, partners and customers. Strictly controlled access for them reduces the risk of unwanted, unintended exposure and third party-related data breaches.</li> <li><b>System-to-system or machine-to-machine access.</b> These require continuous authentication for every request, and zero trust adds protection through the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Why-zero-trust-requires-microsegmentation">use of microsegmentation</a>. This zero-trust use case helps <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/answer/Use-microsegmentation-to-mitigate-lateral-attacks">prevent lateral movement</a> by entities and ensures that if one service or device is compromised, attackers cannot automatically access other parts of the environment.</li> <li><b>Endpoints and remote devices.</b> In this use case, which includes operational and IoT technologies, zero trust requires that devices be authenticated and validated before they are permitted to access networks, systems and data.</li> <li><b>Access to APIs</b><b>.</b> Zero trust can be used for strict, continuous authentication and authorization for every API request, regardless of origin. This design is meant to permit legitimate access while preventing lateral movement by unauthorized entities. The result is a minimized blast radius in the event of an unauthorized entry somewhere in the environment.</li> <li><b>Data.</b> Zero trust can help protect data in the era of generative AI and large language models by authenticating and verifying AI identities and roles before granting them access to data they are authorized to use. Gartner has predicted that 50% of organizations will implement a zero-trust posture for data governance by 2028. This is increasingly relevant as unverified AI-generated data proliferates.</li> <li><b>AI agents</b><b>.</b> Organizations that <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/How-to-implement-zero-trust-for-AI">apply zero trust to AI agents</a> deny trust by default. Instead, agents are assigned individual identities, which enables each to be tracked. Zero trust prevents agents from sharing credentials, and agents are subject to continuous authentication and task-based permissions, as well as behavioral and semantic analysis.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Zero-trust implementation strategies and challenges"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Zero-trust implementation strategies and challenges</h2> <p>To <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/How-to-implement-zero-trust-security-from-people-who-did-it">implement or advance their use of zero trust</a>, experts advise organizations to develop a new mindset, yet many struggle to do this, Nilsson said.</p> <p>"Many organizations aren't successful because they're too focused on cybersecurity technology. They end up with siloed cybersecurity technologies, which is no different than how security organizations focused on cybersecurity two decades ago," Nilsson said. "Zero trust requires a new operating model. It's a change in how organizations approach security architecture."</p> <p>Nilsson and others cautioned organizations against implementing zero trust in every area of their digital environment all at once.</p> <p>"Zero trust can protect the entire ecosystem, but realistically, the number of tools you'd have to deploy to protect all those elements is onerous," Jean-Louis said.</p> <p>Experts also noted that organizations might struggle to implement zero-trust principles in legacy systems and to balance user experience with zero-trust requirements.</p> <p>Jean-Louis said he advises organizations to identify their <i>protect surface</i> -- that is, the portion of the larger attack surface they deem most necessary to protect. Consider how to apply zero trust to identities, devices, applications, data and the network using tools and technologies that can work across as many of those five areas as possible.</p> <p>Nilsson recommended a similar strategy, saying organizations should be as specific as they can in how they define their use cases. Build a zero-trust strategy for a specific use case, he said, and then use that as a blueprint for the next use cases.</p> <p>"Always think about what you are trying to secure, understand the asset you're trying to secure, how it is used by the business, how it collaborates with other systems in the business, and then build the security around that," Nilsson said.</p> <p><i>Mary K. Pratt is an award-winning freelance journalist with a focus on covering enterprise IT and cybersecurity management.</i></p> <p></p> </section> When applied correctly, zero trust can minimize an organization's attack surface. Experts weigh in on the best use cases where zero trust can deliver results. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/German/zero-trust-adobe.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Zero-trust-use-cases-highlight-both-its-benefits-and-misconceptions Fri, 01 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT <p>Network analytics can be a rich source of intelligence about infrastructure performance, efficiency, security and operations. Given enterprise reliance on connectivity for everything from internal communications and customer service to production, analyzing network traffic from various sources can&nbsp;yield insights&nbsp;into key patterns and trends.</p> <p>As a result, network analytics use cases can illustrate how organizations have been able to troubleshoot configuration issues and improve network efficiency. IT professionals can also apply network analytics to cut operational costs and identify potential security threats.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="3 essential network analytics use cases"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>3 essential network analytics use cases</h2> <p>Deriving the maximum benefit from network analytics requires IT professionals to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/Wireshark-vs-tcpdump-Whats-the-difference">capture data from disparate sources</a> across the infrastructure and then correlate it to gain an end-to-end view of patterns. This process requires merging data from different systems. While this is often complicated, it enables network professionals to address important network analytics use cases, such as the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Performance optimization and capacity planning.&nbsp;</li> <li>Credential misuse.&nbsp;</li> <li>Cloud security.&nbsp;</li> </ul> <h3>Performance optimization and capacity planning</h3> <p>When done effectively, network analytics reveals crucial information about hidden bottlenecks and other&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Network-design-principles-for-effective-architectures">network design&nbsp;</a>issues that can choke traffic and impede productivity. To illustrate one of the benefits of network analytics use cases, companies find that applying that data to gauge ongoing performance optimization could return even greater dividends.</p> <p>IT organizations can use historical pattern information to anticipate future capacity requirements and potential performance issues. By tapping into this data, IT organizations can rebalance network loads, expand capacity and make configuration changes to better adjust to communication requirements.</p> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qNvzbvC_bm8?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <h3>Credential misuse</h3> <p>Network analytics can also shed light on security issues, applying network telemetry data alongside other data sources to accelerate the discovery of anomalous patterns indicative of threats.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/tip/Residual-access-failures-put-data-at-risk">Credential misuse</a>, which is often difficult to detect through manual human analysis, can be spotted much more quickly when comparing abnormal behavior against a normal baseline.</p> <p>Network analytics can flag unusual actions, such as multiple login tries from different devices or attempts to connect to a network resource from an unexpected device.</p> <p>If a&nbsp;breach has occurred, IT professionals can use network analytics to expedite the discovery of which assets the rogue user was granted access to and what data could be compromised. Expedited breach identification can help <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/How-to-develop-a-data-breach-response-plan-5-steps">prevent future losses</a> and mitigate the consequences of the theft.</p> <h3>Cloud security</h3> <p>IT organizations can also use flow logs from third-party cloud environments to get more insight into activity in their&nbsp;on-demand environments, a good example of network analytics use cases. <a target="_blank" href="https://medium.com/@samruddhi.deshmukh19/cloud-analytics-6a06569e608f" rel="noopener">Network analytics from the cloud</a> can help organizations track performance and make more accurate capacity-planning decisions for commissioning and decommissioning of cloud resources based on dynamic usage requirements. Cloud network analytics can also shed light on potential security threats or possible vulnerabilities.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="The value of network analytics use cases"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>The value of network analytics use cases</h2> <p>It's important for enterprises to recognize use cases for network analytics tools. Use cases not only demonstrate the value of network analytics but also show where and how the tools excel. Network analytics help organizations evaluate network performance and identify anomalies. Moreover, when the network performs as expected, organizations can gather information about its behavior to optimize performance, improve troubleshooting and strengthen security.</p> <p><b>Editor's note:</b><i>&nbsp;This article was updated in 2026 to improve the reader experience.</i></p> <p><em>Amy Larsen DeCarlo has covered the IT industry for more than 30 years, as a journalist, editor and analyst. As a principal analyst at GlobalData, she covers managed security and cloud services.</em></p> </section> Network analytics enables teams to monitor performance, identify issues early and improve efficiency. These use cases illustrate how insights can address network challenges. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/IoTAgenda/business_of_iot/iotagenda_article_004.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/What-are-the-top-3-network-analytics-use-cases Thu, 30 Apr 2026 12:15:00 GMT <p>A close analysis of enterprise IT environments shows that shadow AI is no longer a fringe issue -- it's everywhere. Unauthorized AI tools are being used across companies, often driven by weak policies and the current AI hype cycle.</p> <p>The risk is real: Companies risk reputational damage, compliance exposure and potential revenue loss due to shadow AI. Organizations that fail to control and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/How-to-create-an-AI-acceptable-use-policy-plus-template">formalize AI usage</a> will struggle to stay competitive.</p> <p>This creates a growing challenge for both businesses and network teams, especially given the increasing complexity of modern infrastructures. Shadow AI is difficult to detect without deep visibility and inspection. This article discusses ways organizations can detect shadow AI and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Prevent-and-manage-cloud-shadow-AI-with-policies-and-tools">mitigate its consequences</a>.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What is shadow AI?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What is shadow AI?</h2> <p>Shadow AI refers to the use of AI tools and models within an organization without approval or oversight from IT, security or compliance teams. Much like shadow IT, this uncontrolled usage introduces serious risks, such as data leakage, regulatory violations and security gaps, especially when sensitive information is shared with unverified third-party platforms.</p> <p>Unmanaged BYOD accelerates the spread of shadow AI across organizations. These risks often remain undetected until dedicated teams implement deep visibility and monitoring.</p> <p>The significance is not theoretical; it's already material. According to a July 2025 <a href="https://newsroom.ibm.com/2025-07-30-ibm-report-13-of-organizations-reported-breaches-of-ai-models-or-applications,-97-of-which-reported-lacking-proper-ai-access-controls" target="_blank" rel="noopener">report</a> from IBM, one in five organizations has experienced an AI-related breach, yet only 37% have established policies to govern AI usage or detect shadow AI activity.</p> <p>This gap highlights a critical exposure that sensitive data, including personally identifiable information, can be compromised at any time, putting both trust and corporate reputation at risk.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5 clues your network has shadow AI"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5 clues your network has shadow AI</h2> <p>Shadow AI is an invisible battleground for many companies. While everything might appear to run smoothly across a network, hidden tools and unsanctioned processes are often operating quietly in the background, without dedicated teams actively detecting them.</p> <p>The following discusses the top indicators that a network has shadow AI.</p> <h3>1. Shifts in outbound traffic toward AI-related services</h3> <p>A common early signal that a network has shadow AI is a change in how outbound traffic is distributed. Examples of changes include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Increased connection frequency to external AI service endpoints.</li> <li>A higher number of POST requests compared to typical browsing patterns.</li> <li>Larger outbound payloads than standard SaaS or web activity.</li> </ul> <p>In some environments, traffic can also show regular transmission of structured data such as <a href="https://www.theserverside.com/definition/JSON-Javascript-Object-Notation">JSON</a>, or repeated interactions with inference or API endpoints rather than static content.</p> <p><b>What to do:</b> Review your proxy or firewall logs for outbound JSON payloads that contain unusually large text or input fields.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <h3>2. API traffic from unverified endpoints</h3> <p>AI platforms are primarily consumed through APIs, which makes their usage blend into normal application traffic. Indicators of an unmanaged endpoint include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>API calls initiated by user workstations, lab environments or unmanaged hosts.</li> <li>Authentication tokens observed outside expected systems or network zones.</li> <li>Direct outbound API communication that bypasses centralized services or gateways.</li> </ul> <p>An analysis of network behavior could reveal API usage that doesn't map to known internal applications, or new external endpoints appearing without prior integration records. These patterns often indicate decentralized or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Top-API-risks-and-how-to-mitigate-them">unauthorized API consumption</a>, particularly in development-heavy environments.</p> <p><b>What to do:</b> Monitor outbound traffic for API keys or tokens that don't map to an organization's approved enterprise accounts.</p> <h3>3. Consistent, non-interactive traffic behavior</h3> <p>Automated processes, including AI agents, tend to produce traffic that lacks the variability of human activity. Observable patterns include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Requests occurring at steady, predictable intervals.</li> <li>Activity continuing beyond normal operating hours.</li> <li>Repeated request sizes or similar data structures over time.</li> </ul> <p>That said, these characteristics are not exclusive to AI. Monitoring systems, backups and scheduled jobs can generate similar traffic. The distinction lies in whether the behavior aligns with documented and expected workloads.</p> <p><b>What to do:</b> <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Ways-to-improve-the-network-monitoring-experience">Improve network visibility</a> to identify the source of the activity. If network teams identify unauthorized traffic, they must mitigate the activity and regularly monitor network traffic to conduct periodic checks.</p> <h3>4. Spikes in OAuth permissions for efficiency apps</h3> <p>Organizations operate deeply in digital environments, with countless tools shaping how IT teams work every day. Integrations streamline collaboration and eliminate redundant effort, but they introduce a tradeoff: security.</p> <p>Employees frequently authorize third-party applications to connect to corporate Google Workspace or Microsoft 365 accounts through <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchapparchitecture/definition/OAuth">OAuth</a>, often to summarize meetings or manage email. Shadow AI frequently enters through third-party platforms that integrate with enterprise systems. Examples include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Connections to previously unknown external domains.</li> <li>Persistent communication following initial authentication or authorization flows.</li> <li>Data exchange between internal services and external platforms without clear ownership.</li> </ul> <p>Over time, unmanaged third-party integrations can lead to increased reliance on external endpoints that aren't tracked in the architecture or asset inventories. These patterns should be evaluated against approved service catalogs and known integration points.</p> <p><b>What to do:</b> Monitor identity provider logs to find unverified third-party apps that request unnecessary permissions, such as mail read/write access or calendar control.</p> <h3>5. Increased encrypted outbound data transfer&nbsp;</h3> <p>Most AI-related interactions occur over HTTPS, which limits direct visibility into payload content. Indicators of unmonitored outbound data transfers include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Sustained outbound encrypted sessions with higher-than-normal data volumes.</li> <li>Repeated transfers of similarly sized payloads.</li> <li>Disproportionate outbound-to-inbound data ratios.</li> </ul> <p>Because the content is encrypted, analysis relies on traffic metadata volume, frequency and duration, as well as destination patterns and endpoint classification. These signals do not confirm data sensitivity but could indicate unmonitored data movement to external services.</p> <p><b>What to do: </b>Use metadata to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/anomaly-detection">identify unusual traffic</a>. If any unauthorized traffic is present, mitigate it by restricting its access to the network.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Risks associated with shadow AI"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Risks associated with shadow AI&nbsp;</h2> <p>Shadow AI is often discussed mainly in terms of governance or compliance. However, it's critical to recognize the risks at the network layer, where the actual exposure occurs. Every interaction with an external AI service -- whether a prompt, file upload or API call -- relies on outbound connectivity. If that connectivity is not tightly controlled or fully visible, it's actively traversing the network.</p> <p>Challenges that can occur in a network with shadow AI include the following:</p> <h3>Data leakage becomes uncontrolled outbound traffic</h3> <p>Data leakage and loss of confidentiality are growing risks in the age of widespread AI tools. With easy access to powerful platforms, employees could unknowingly <a href="https://hai.stanford.edu/news/be-careful-what-you-tell-your-ai-chatbot" target="_blank" rel="noopener">include sensitive data in their prompts</a>, exposing proprietary information and risking reputational damage through unintended disclosure to public AI systems.</p> <p>The issue isn't just that data is shared, but that the data is transmitted to external endpoints that the organization might not approve. This enables data to bypass application-level controls by going directly from endpoints. It then embeds in encrypted sessions, which limits inspection.</p> <p>Without proper egress filtering, DNS visibility or traffic analysis, sensitive information can <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Perimeter-networks">move outside the network perimeter</a> without triggering traditional alerts. In practice, this creates a visibility and control gap in outbound traffic flows.</p> <h3>Compliance exposure is tied to network boundaries</h3> <p>Regulatory requirements, such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/definition/data-residency">data residency</a> or data handling rules, depend on where data travels and how it is transmitted.</p> <p>Shadow AI complicates this because data could be sent to services hosted in unknown or non-compliant regions. Network paths to these services are often undocumented or restricted; therefore, the organization has limited control over how much or how frequently data is transmitted.</p> <p>Compliance risk emerges when traffic crosses geographic or trust boundaries without enforcement. It also increases when the network lacks segmentation or a policy controlling which systems can communicate externally. In other words, compliance is not just a policy issue -- it's a network enforcement problem.</p> <h3>Untrusted integrations and shadow APIs</h3> <p>Many AI tools integrate through APIs or OAuth, effectively linking internal systems to external services. This can result in the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Persistent outbound connections to third-party platforms.</li> <li>New data exchange paths that bypass traditional application architectures.</li> <li>External services that gain indirect access to internal data flows.</li> </ul> <p>If these integrations are not validated, they can increase attack surfaces through external endpoints, potential misuse of API connections or tokens, or continuous data transfer channels that operate outside standard monitoring</p> <p>This transforms shadow AI into a source of uncontrolled network dependencies, where external systems become part of the data path without proper oversight.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Detecting and mitigating shadow AI"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Detecting and mitigating shadow AI</h2> <p>Organizations should start by strengthening visibility across networks and APIs to uncover unauthorized AI traffic and hidden system integrations. This is achieved through ongoing analysis of DNS, proxy and application logs to detect abnormal or unapproved AI-related activity.</p> <p>To detect and mitigate shadow AI, network teams should prioritize the following best practices:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Traffic visibility across DNS, proxy and flow logs.</li> <li>Monitoring outbound API activity.</li> <li>Behavioral detection of non-human traffic.</li> <li>Inspection of encrypted traffic where feasible.</li> <li>Zero-trust enforcement at the network edge.</li> <li>Egress filtering and segmentation.</li> </ul> <p>User awareness is also essential. Employees often <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchapparchitecture/tip/How-AI-can-support-developer-productivity">adopt AI tools to boost productivity</a> without fully understanding the security risks involved. Continuous training and clear communication help shape safer behavior and ensure AI usage remains within approved organizational boundaries.</p> <p>When a network lacks visibility, shadow AI could become an uncontrolled data pipeline operating in real time. Shadow AI isn't discovered in reports or audits; it could be embedded in the network's traffic, APIs and outbound connections. Network teams must take ownership, monitor continuously and enforce visibility across every layer of the infrastructure.</p> <p><em>Verlaine Muhungu is a self-taught tech enthusiast, DevNet advocate and aspiring Cisco Press author, focused on network automation, penetration testing and secure coding practices. He was recognized as a Cisco top talent in sub-Saharan Africa during the 2016 NetRiders IT Skills Competition.</em></p> </section> Shadow AI, or unauthorized AI tool use, poses risks like data exposure and compliance issues. Improved network visibility and monitoring are key to mitigating these challenges. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/ai_a264431831.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/clues-your-network-has-shadow-AI Fri, 24 Apr 2026 10:15:00 GMT <p>Increasingly sophisticated adversaries are putting IT on the defensive. A cohesive approach to network security is more critical than ever.</p> <p>Threat actors have been quick to adopt cutting-edge technologies, among them <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/tip/How-to-manage-generative-AI-security-risks-in-the-enterprise">AI and automation</a>, to make their attacks more potent. At the same time, cybercriminals are more aggressive, putting more pressure on the network security practitioners standing on the front lines in defense of enterprise assets. To combat these threats, organizations must craft a comprehensive, scalable network security management strategy that uses best practices to protect their network from end to end.</p> <p>Threat actors profit by using a combination of tactics, including phishing, ransomware and AI-generated deepfakes, to breach organizations.&nbsp;IBM's 2025 <a href="https://www.ibm.com/downloads/documents/us-en/131cf87b20b31c91">report</a> on the Cost of a Data Breach pegged the average cost of a data breach in the U.S. at upward of $10 million -- driven by more stringent regulatory fines and a surge in detection expenses.&nbsp;</p> <p>In this volatile climate, security practitioners must arm themselves with tools that protect the organization before attacks occur, as well as platforms that mitigate incidents as quickly as possible. Resilience is the ultimate objective.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What is effective network security management?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What is effective network security management?</h2> <p>A solid network defense underpins every productive and healthy enterprise network. The most effective strategies map the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/How-to-create-a-data-security-policy-with-template">right security policies</a>, tools, processes and practices to the organization's operational objectives.</p> <p>Enterprises must also heed government regulations and corporate mandates. Security practitioners are tasked with ensuring data integrity, security and the availability of their infrastructures. Yet, attaining complete protection isn't achievable. No enterprise can lock down its environment 100% without sacrificing productivity.</p> <p>To that end, effective enterprise security taps into essential technologies, such as the following:</p> <ul type="disc" class="default-list"> <li>AI-driven endpoint security platforms.</li> <li>Extended detection and response.</li> <li>Platformization.</li> <li>Zero-trust and access management.</li> <li>Firewalls.</li> <li>Multifactor authentication (MFA).</li> <li>Identity and access management.</li> <li>Network and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-analytics">traffic monitoring and analysis</a>.</li> <li>Security information and event management.</li> <li>Identity and access management.</li> <li>Vulnerability and testing.</li> <li>Unified threat management.</li> <li>DoS mitigation and incident response services.</li> <li>Encryption.</li> <li>Data loss prevention.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Network security management challenges"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Network security management challenges</h2> <p>Securing the infrastructure is a top priority, but security teams tasked with protecting network assets face some high hurdles, such as the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Virtual and highly distributed enterprise assets.</li> <li>Network security controls that may impede infrastructure performance and hamper the end-user experience.</li> <li>The need to integrate security data from disparate sources to protect hybrid environments and other network designs.</li> </ul> <ul type="disc" class="default-list"></ul> <p>Network security tools are continually improving, but certain issues still force network security engineers to scramble as they try to stay ahead of threats.&nbsp;It's still a challenge to obtain an accurate end-to-end perspective of network activity from multiple sources, particularly in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/tip/Navigate-hybrid-cloud-observability-with-3-techniques">hybrid cloud environments</a>.&nbsp;Even in products that supposedly have close correlation, true integration is often missing.</p> <p>Improvements in threat identification have helped. The 2025 IBM Data Breach Report found that a combination of AI and automation helped security practitioners correctly identify breaches 80 days faster than the prior year.</p> <p>Despite these gains, the reality for most organizations is that it's a question of when -- and not if -- they will be breached. That's one reason why so many have <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/How-to-implement-zero-trust-security-from-people-who-did-it">embraced zero-trust architectures</a> designed to ensure that only authenticated and authorized users gain network access.</p> <p>Zero-trust employs many protective controls, including granular authentication, which considers the following factors before allowing any entity or person access to the network:</p> <ul type="disc" class="default-list"> <li>User identity.</li> <li>Device type.</li> <li>Activity.</li> <li>Query.</li> <li>Location.</li> </ul> <p>Zero-trust also applies ongoing authentication and tracking to monitor users and devices. This ensures they have not been compromised.</p> <p>Another security tactic gaining favor is segmentation, which limits network access and prevents lateral movement. Organizations can also implement&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/answer/Compare-zero-trust-vs-the-principle-of-least-privilege">least-privilege access</a>, which applies MFA and granular micro-segmentation to further control access to enterprise resources.</p> <p>Network observability, in which IT administrators gain insights beyond traditional network monitoring by seeing and investigating activity in real time, is <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/tip/Observabilitys-role-in-mitigating-IT-security-risks">another key advance</a> helping organizations mount stronger defenses. Using both security and network performance intelligence, observability helps security engineers better discern suspicious activity, optimize service levels and mitigate incidents.</p> <p>Finally, threat detection has become a more powerful defensive tool, thanks to incremental advances in machine learning. ML establishes a baseline of network behavior, observing when activity deviates. ML-based threat detection can distinguish between harmless anomalies and real threats.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Effective network security management best practices"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Effective network security management best practices</h2> <p>The best network security technology is only as effective as the policies and practices that implement controls.&nbsp;IT teams and end users must be aware of the protections in place and how to use them effectively.</p> <blockquote class="main-article-pullquote"> <div class="main-article-pullquote-inner"> <figure> Network security tools are continually improving, but certain issues still force network security engineers to scramble as they try to stay ahead of threats. </figure> <i class="icon" data-icon="z"></i> </div> </blockquote> <p>This starts with proper training. All employees and contractors should understand&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/How-to-write-an-information-security-policy-plus-templates">corporate IT security policies</a>&nbsp;and how to use available tools. Policy development and continuous review is a crucial foundational element.&nbsp;Ongoing end-user training and education -- not just an annual training session or quiz -- is a must.</p> <p>Other fundamental best practices include the following:</p> <ul type="disc" class="default-list"> <li>Deploy multilayered security with support and countermeasures. This limits lateral access and protects the most critical resources.</li> <li>Have an effective network monitoring service in place.</li> <li>Regularly update both software and hardware. Change factory hardware settings when deploying new equipment.</li> <li>Automate software patching but manually intervene when necessary.</li> <li>Consider employing automation for workflow optimization and some elements of remediation.</li> <li>Look into AI-assisted response.</li> <li>Perform vulnerability assessments on a consistent basis. Conduct interim testing between audits.</li> <li>Apply MFA and other access controls.</li> <li>Implement network segregation.</li> <li>Develop and deploy a zero-trust architecture that relies on continuous verification.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/5-critical-steps-to-creating-an-effective-incident-response-plan">Define an incident response plan</a>&nbsp;that applies automation when possible.</li> <li>Take steps to prevent insider theft or data loss.</li> <li>Recognize what baseline network activity looks like.</li> <li>Proactively test systems to uncover vulnerabilities and poor configurations.</li> </ul> <p>Effective network security management best practices start and end with the human element.&nbsp;The most proactive organizations understand this concept and ensure the right practices and processes are in place.</p> <p><em>Amy Larsen DeCarlo has covered the IT industry for more than 30 years, as a journalist, editor and analyst. As a principal analyst at GlobalData, she covers managed security and cloud services.</em></p> </section> Threat actors are using increasingly sophisticated tools to make their attacks more costly. It's time for organizations to craft a comprehensive security management strategy. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/searchSoftwareQuality/security_testing/softwarequality_article_015.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/How-are-network-management-and-security-converging Fri, 27 Mar 2026 11:15:00 GMT <p>Mobile hotspots provide essential connectivity for a mobile and hybrid workforce, but inconsistent performance or security misconfigurations can disrupt operations and create compliance risks.</p> <p>When a user's iPhone hotspot isn't working as intended, there are various quick fixes they can try. If there's no internet connection, they can check their cellular data and reset the network settings. If they receive an error message saying the password is incorrect, they can verify and update the Personal Hotspot password. If they receive an error message saying a device is unable to join the network, they can restart the iPhone and the connected device.</p> <p>However, sometimes the troubleshooting process is more complicated. IT managers should have a plan for proactive management and troubleshooting to handle iPhone Personal Hotspots in the enterprise.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What causes iPhone hotspot issues?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What causes iPhone hotspot issues?</h2> <p>Several factors could cause an iPhone hotspot to fail. Frequent culprits include connectivity issues, misconfigurations and human error.</p> <h3>Connectivity issues</h3> <p>Connectivity issues are among the most common challenges when supporting iPhone hotspots in an enterprise environment. These issues show up as inconsistent performance, slow speeds and dropped connections.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Wireless-network-troubleshooting-Connectivity">Resolving connectivity issues</a>&nbsp;starts with troubleshooting cellular connection problems and ensuring the hotspot is set up correctly.</p> <p>Another typical connectivity problem is with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>&nbsp;on devices pairing to an iPhone hotspot. Bluetooth is generally slower than Wi-Fi, and therefore potentially more prone to performance issues.</p> <p>Bluetooth connectivity issues tend to be related to two main factors. First, other nearby Bluetooth devices can sometimes interfere with the Bluetooth signal, degrading hotspot performance or even preventing connectivity altogether. Second, outdated software can cause pairing issues. If either the iPhone or the device connecting to it is outdated, the mismatch can result in poor performance or an inability to connect.</p> <h3>Misconfigurations</h3> <p>Even with the support of MDM tools, configuration problems can affect iPhone hotspot connectivity. If a user has connectivity problems, make sure that the iPhone is running the latest version of iOS. Then, check that the hotspot is configured correctly.</p> <h3>Human error</h3> <p>Human error is often a cause of mobile device issues. As an example, a user might forget their password or accidentally turn off the hotspot on their phone. In some cases, a user might mistakenly try to connect to someone else's iPhone hotspot rather than the one on their own phone.</p> <blockquote class="main-article-pullquote"> <div class="main-article-pullquote-inner"> <figure> IT managers should have a plan for proactive management and troubleshooting to handle iPhone Personal Hotspots in the enterprise. </figure> <i class="icon" data-icon="z"></i> </div> </blockquote> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How to fix Personal Hotspot issues on an iPhone"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How to fix Personal Hotspot issues on an iPhone</h2> <p>If the source of the problem isn't immediately clear or easy to solve, an admin might have to walk a user through fixing the iPhone hotspot. The following troubleshooting tips reflect Apple's current Personal Hotspot guidance for recent iPhone versions.</p> <h3>Step 1. Check cellular data on the user's iPhone</h3> <p>The first thing users should do is&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201415" rel="noopener">check</a>&nbsp;whether their iPhone has a cellular data connection. They can do this by opening Settings &gt; Cellular and seeing whether cellular data is toggled on, as shown in Figure 1. If the user's cellular data is turned off and can't be turned back on, then the user must contact their carrier to ensure their account is active and in good standing.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_1-f.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_1-f_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_1-f_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_1-f.jpg 1280w" alt="The Cellular tab in iPhone settings." data-credit="Brien Posey" height="1210" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Figure 1. Make sure that the iPhone's cellular data is active. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <h3>Step 2. Check Personal Hotspot settings on the user's iPhone</h3> <p>The user should also verify their Personal Hotspot feature is turned on and that the settings are configured correctly. They can do this by going to Settings &gt; Personal Hotspot and checking that the feature is turned on.</p> <p>The next step in the process is to make sure that the hotspot is configured correctly. To do so, tap on <b>Personal Hotspot</b> and then toggle on the <b>Allow Others to Join</b> option (Figure 2).</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_2-f.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_2-f_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_2-f_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_2-f.jpg 1280w" alt="The Personal Hotspot tab in iPhone settings." data-credit="Brien Posey" height="1210" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Figure 2. Be sure to enable the option to allow others to join. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>The iPhone automatically associates a random password with the hotspot. A user can change this password by tapping it and then entering a new password. However, if the iPhone is being managed by the organization, the user might not have the necessary permissions to change the password. On supervised corporate devices, IT can also restrict users from modifying Personal Hotspot settings altogether.</p> <p>On iPhone 12 and later devices, Apple provides a Maximize Compatibility option under the Personal Hotspot settings. This can help some devices connect more easily, but Apple says it can reduce performance. Apple's security documentation also notes that this mode prioritizes compatibility by restricting the hotspot to 2.4 GHz and WPA2 Personal. Use it when a client device is having trouble connecting, not as the default setting.</p> <h3>Step 3. Restart the iPhone and connected devices</h3> <p>As with many minor software glitches, sometimes the key to resolving a hotspot problem is to perform a full reboot of the iPhone. It's also a good idea to reboot the device that is trying to connect to the hotspot.</p> <p>If Wi-Fi hotspot sharing still fails and the user only needs to connect one computer, IT can also test a USB connection to determine whether the problem is specific to wireless hotspot sharing.</p> <h3>Step 4. Reset network settings</h3> <p>The best way to refresh an iPhone's network settings is to reboot the phone. However, another method is to enable Airplane Mode for a few seconds and then turn it back off.</p> <p>If the issue persists, the user can try resetting their iPhone's&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/What-are-the-3-most-common-network-issues-to-troubleshoot">network settings</a>. This step should be performed with extreme caution since it's easy to accidentally reset all of the phone's settings. To reset the phone's network connections, go to Settings &gt; General &gt; Transfer or Reset iPhone &gt; Reset. At this point, the phone will display a menu containing various reset options (Figure 3). Choose the Reset Network Settings option. This will remove saved Wi-Fi networks and passwords, cellular settings, and previously used VPN and APN settings. If the iPhone is used on a business-managed network, users should check with IT before resetting network settings.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_3-f.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_3-f_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_3-f_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/personal_hotspot_3-f.jpg 1280w" alt="The Transfer or Reset iPhone tab in iPhone settings." data-credit="Brien Posey" height="1210" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Figure 3. Users must be careful when resetting network connectivity. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <h3>Step 5. Contact carrier support</h3> <p>If no other steps have worked, the last option is to contact the wireless carrier's support team for further assistance. If the user works in a BYOD environment and owns the phone themselves, they would need to call their carrier. With corporate-owned devices, the service desk might have to contact the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/tip/Finding-the-best-cellphone-plans-for-small-businesses">organization's carrier support</a>. If the organization uses a mobility MSP, the service desk can escalate the issue to them.</p> <div class="extra-info"> <div class="extra-info-inner"> <h3 class="splash-heading">BYOD vs. corporate-owned iPhone hotspot support: Who handles what?</h3> <p data-end="324" data-start="144">When an iPhone Personal Hotspot fails, the first question for IT is whether the device is user-owned or company-owned. That distinction shapes the support path.</p> <p data-end="654" data-start="326">For BYOD users, the issue might not start with the device at all. Personal Hotspot availability can depend on the user's wireless plan, carrier settings and account eligibility. In those cases, the employee might need to confirm that hotspot access is included in their plan before IT spends time troubleshooting the phone itself.</p> <p data-end="947" data-start="656">For corporate-owned iPhones, the support path is usually more direct. The service desk can check whether hotspot use is allowed under company policy, whether any MDM settings or restrictions are interfering and whether the issue should be escalated to a carrier or managed mobility provider.</p> <p data-end="1156" data-start="949">In practice, IT teams should document both paths clearly. That helps remote workers know where to go first, reduces repeat tickets and makes hotspot problems easier to resolve when connectivity matters most.</p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Common error messages when using an iPhone hotspot"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Common error messages when using an iPhone hotspot</h2> <p>When iPhone Personal Hotspot issues occur, it's often accompanied by an error message that can help determine the cause of the problem.</p> <p>A common error message is "Personal Hotspot Not Available." This often means the carrier has not enabled hotspot on the line, the user's wireless plan does not support it, or the account needs carrier-side attention. As such, the user or organization should review the wireless plan to confirm hotspot access is enabled. If the plan does include hotspot access, check to make sure that the user hasn't exceeded their data allotment.</p> <p>Another error users might encounter is "Unable to Join the Network." If this error message, or a variation of it, appears on the device that the user is trying to connect to the hotspot, make sure that the iPhone is powered on. Additionally, check that it doesn't have <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/answer/What-smartphone-battery-tips-can-help-IT-improve-mobile-UX">low battery power</a> and hasn't gone into sleep mode. Users can also try toggling the hotspot off and back on again. Keep the iPhone on the Personal Hotspot screen until the other device completes the connection.</p> <p>If a user receives an error message stating that the hotspot password is incorrect, they should make sure they're connecting to their iPhone and not someone else's. If they are connecting to the correct phone, they can try temporarily changing the password to something less complicated to make sure they're typing it in correctly.</p> <p>To troubleshoot a "No Internet Connection" error message, open a browser directly on the iPhone to make sure it can access the internet. If internet access is working on the phone, check whether cellular data settings or carrier limits are restricting connectivity. If the user is in an area with spotty coverage, they should also check to make sure that roaming is enabled.</p> <p>Users might also receive an error message indicating that the hotspot is not accepting new connections, or that it's hosting the maximum number of devices. This issue can occur with certain data plans, as some plans limit hotspots to a single connection. If the user isn't exceeding the connection limits, try disconnecting any unused clients to see if that makes the problem go away.</p> <p>For enterprise IT teams, the goal is not just to restore an iPhone hotspot connection, but to give remote workers a clear support path, align hotspot use with carrier and BYOD policy, and reduce repeat service desk tickets through better documentation and user guidance.</p> <p><strong>Editor's note:</strong> <em>This article was updated in March 2026 to reflect current troubleshooting guidance and improve the reader experience. </em></p> <p><i>Brien Posey is a former 22-time Microsoft MVP and a commercial astronaut candidate. In his more than 30 years in IT, he has served as a lead network engineer for the U.S. Department of Defense and a network administrator for some of the largest insurance companies in America. </i></p> <p><i>Will Kelly is a freelance writer and content strategist who has written about cloud, DevOps, AI and enterprise mobility.</i></p> </section> Hotspot issues can disrupt remote work and IT support. Here are the key fixes for connectivity, settings, carrier access and enterprise troubleshooting on an iPhone. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/mobile_g1097898396.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/tip/How-to-fix-an-iPhone-Personal-Hotspot-thats-not-working Thu, 26 Mar 2026 13:12:00 GMT <p>When home internet problems strike, a mobile hotspot can work as an easy fix, so admins and users must know how to troubleshoot any issues with this backup option.</p> <p>Android devices can give remote and hybrid workers quick backup connectivity, but hotspot support can vary by carrier policy, device model, Android version and whether the phone is corporate-owned or BYOD. For IT teams, that means troubleshooting should start with plan eligibility and cellular service before moving to local settings, software updates and escalation paths.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Challenges for supporting Android remote work hotspots"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Challenges for supporting Android remote work hotspots</h2> <p>Supporting Android phone hotspots can present some challenges from both a technical and a security standpoint. IT administrators should understand the problems that sometimes come with mobile hotspots and how they can cause performance issues.</p> <h3>Compatibility with different Android versions</h3> <p>The Android OS is available on several different smartphones and tablets from several <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitchannel/definition/OEM">OEMs</a>, and that can be both a strength and a weakness for the operating system. The large OEM ecosystem running different OS versions can make it challenging to support hotspots, primarily for organizations that have a <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/BYOD-bring-your-own-device">BYOD</a> program. Compatibility issues show up as dropped connections and slow speeds.</p> <h3>Security risks</h3> <p>Android hotspots should be <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Adopt-5-best-practices-for-hybrid-workplace-model-security">secured with strong settings</a> and current software, especially on devices used for work.&nbsp;For example, an attacker could intercept sensitive data that a user transmits over their Wi-Fi hotspot. Hackers could also use the hotspot to launch attacks against other devices on the network.</p> <h3>Bandwidth limitations</h3> <p>Hotspot connectivity is meant for situational internet access, not as a full-time substitute for an internet connection. Like iPhone hotspots, Android devices have limited bandwidth for hotspot use. The ideal hotspot use case for end users is to send a quick email or Slack message telling coworkers that they've lost power or their internet is down.</p> <p>Bandwidth limitations mean slow speeds or dropped Wi-Fi connections when a user connects multiple devices to an Android hotspot. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/What-are-the-3-most-common-network-issues-to-troubleshoot">Poor network coverage</a> or high demand for data usage also contribute to bandwidth issues.</p> <h3>Battery drain</h3> <p>Using an Android device as a hotspot can quickly drain the battery, especially if users turn it on for extended periods or connect multiple devices to it. Battery drain can significantly limit the value of the hotspot for users who need to rely on their device for other functions.</p> <h3>End-user education</h3> <p>Many users might not be <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/post/4-ways-to-build-a-thoughtful-security-culture">aware of the security risks</a> associated with using an Android hotspot. They also might not know how to secure their device and network properly. This lack of awareness can lead to the inadvertent exposure of sensitive information or the sharing of the hotspot with unauthorized users.</p> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/5_reasons_to_update_software-h.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/5_reasons_to_update_software-h_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/5_reasons_to_update_software-h_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/5_reasons_to_update_software-h.png 1280w"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Hotspot failures often trace back to plan restrictions, mobile-data issues, settings conflicts or outdated software. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>The other user training element to consider is the costs associated with hotspot data usage. A BYOD user resorting to their hotspot for business connectivity could easily blow through their personal account's data allotment, leading to an unexpectedly high bill from their carrier. Such a high charge might exceed their corporate cellphone or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/tip/BYOD-policy-basics-Defining-and-enforcing-a-successful-policy">BYOD expense allotment</a> if not planned correctly. Users with an Android hotspot on their corporate-issued phone will need training on corporate hotspot usage policies, managing cellular data and troubleshooting.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="6 steps to fix an Android smartphone hotspot"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>6 steps to fix an Android smartphone hotspot</h2> <p>Troubleshooting an Android smartphone hotspot can be tricky for service desks and end users. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/tip/How-to-build-a-successful-IT-service-desk">Creating troubleshooting documentation</a> for the service desk and even providing users with basic hotspot training is worth the extra time to help save the productivity of remote and hybrid workers. Service desk teams should start with their carrier's troubleshooting documentation for reliable instructions.</p> <p>When dealing with an unexpected Android hotspot issue, there are a few steps that IT admins and users can follow that will typically fix the problem. Before moving into deeper settings, restart the phone, confirm mobile data works on the handset itself and toggle airplane mode on and off. If the device does not have a working cellular connection, the hotspot will not be reliable either.</p> <h3>1. Check for compatibility and availability</h3> <p>Verify that the device trying to connect to the hotspot is compatible with the Android device's hotspot feature. Some older devices might not be compatible with newer hotspot features.</p> <p>Not every Android device is eligible to use the hotspot feature in the same way. Carrier restrictions, account entitlements and plan limits still matter. Hotspot availability and settings can vary by carrier, phone model and software version, and some providers require a hotspot or tethering plan. For enterprise fleets, IT should confirm hotspot eligibility in carrier contracts, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchhrsoftware/news/252521455/Stipends-for-remote-work-emerge-as-polarizing-issue">reimbursement rules</a> and BYOD policy before treating a hotspot failure as a device issue.</p> <p>Android device hotspot usage should be a discussion point for any BYOD initiative to ensure that employee devices meet the requirements for running a hotspot.</p> <h3>2. Check network and hotspot settings</h3> <p>Look over the network settings on the device that's attempting to connect to the hotspot. Ensure the device is set to connect to a Wi-Fi network and that the hotspot is listed as an available network. Make sure that the hotspot is turned on and configured correctly.</p> <p>Additionally, confirm that the hotspot is protected with a password, that the security setting is not left open for convenience, and that the Wi-Fi band fits the client device. If the hotspot is not visible or connections are unstable, try switching between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.</p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.samsung.com/us/support/troubleshooting/TSG01212956/" rel="noopener">Samsung</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://support.google.com/pixelphone/answer/2926415?hl=en" rel="noopener">Google</a> both provide documentation for checking network settings on their devices.</p> <h3>3. Verify standard Android device settings</h3> <p>Sometimes it's the simplest of settings that cause trouble for mobile devices. IT should walk users through checking and adjusting some standard device settings, including the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Verify mobile data is enabled and ensure healthy network coverage bars are at the top.</li> <li>Turn off power saver mode on the user's device.</li> <li>Turn off data saver mode.</li> <li>Disable the device's <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/virtual-private-network">VPN</a>.</li> <li>Check whether Data Saver, carrier plan limits or hotspot allotment restrictions are blocking tethering.</li> <li>Switch between 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz to test range, stability and device compatibility.</li> </ul> <h3>4. Reset network settings</h3> <p>The process to reset network settings on an Android device is another example of why supporting Android devices can be challenging. There can be variations between vendors and mobile service providers for the steps a user must follow to erase all saved Wi-Fi passwords, VPNs and Bluetooth pairings. Consulting the appropriate phone carrier's documentation is a good place to start.</p> <p>Service desks should warn users that they might need to reconnect home Wi-Fi, re-pair Bluetooth devices and re-enter VPN settings after the reset.</p> <h3>5. Update the OS and software</h3> <blockquote class="main-article-pullquote"> <div class="main-article-pullquote-inner"> <figure> Troubleshooting an Android smartphone hotspot can be tricky for service desks and end users. </figure> <i class="icon" data-icon="z"></i> </div> </blockquote> <p>Ensure the Android device's software is up to date, as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/5-reasons-software-updates-are-important">outdated software can cause issues</a> with the hotspot. Full Android and OEM updates can still roll out on vendor- and carrier-specific timelines, but Android's tethering stack also receives some modular updates outside full OS releases. When hotspot behavior changes, admins should check both the device software level and the vendor or carrier's current support guidance.</p> <p>Likewise, medium- to large-sized organizations using an MDM platform will often orchestrate OS updates to their devices under management.</p> <p>As with checking or resetting network settings, users should look for documentation from their carrier to find the best way to update their device.</p> <p>Simply turning off the hotspot and restarting the Android device can also resolve minor software glitches that could be affecting it.</p> <h3>6. Contact customer support</h3> <p>If the above steps do not resolve the issue, it's time to contact the device's customer support for further assistance. Corporate users need an escalation path for resolving issues, starting with their organization's service desk. Often, it makes more sense to have service desk technicians communicate with the carrier, but this depends on the organization's relationship with its mobile carrier. If an organization contracts with a third-party mobile <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitchannel/definition/managed-service-provider">MSP</a>, then most likely, user issue escalation starts and ends with them.</p> <p>Supporting Android users who need to use hotspots as part of their jobs requires a bit of strategy and preparation. Organizations must ensure that the service desk or other support staff have all the right knowledge and troubleshooting documentation to help remote and hybrid workers with ease. It's also important to prepare users with some basic Android troubleshooting. This should enable them to communicate with technical support more easily and, better yet, resolve mobile hotspot issues on their own.</p> <p><strong>Editor's note</strong>: <em>This article was updated in March 2026 to reflect current Android hotspot troubleshooting steps, carrier-plan restrictions and security guidance.</em> <br><i></i></p> <p><i>Katie Fenton is site editor for Informa TechTarget's Mobile Computing, Enterprise Desktop and Virtual Desktop sites.</i></p> <p><i>Will Kelly is a freelance writer and content strategist who has written about cloud, DevOps, AI and enterprise mobility.</i></p> </section> Android hotspots can fail because of carrier limits, settings conflicts, weak signal or security controls. Here are the quickest fixes IT teams should check first. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/legal_g1169668297.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/tip/How-to-troubleshoot-when-a-hotspot-is-not-working-on-Android Thu, 26 Mar 2026 11:29:00 GMT <p><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/5G">5G</a> technology, with its promise of faster speed, wider bandwidth and lower latency, is gradually becoming mainstream. It's also increasingly viable as a networking option for businesses.</p> <p><a href="http://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/What-are-the-features-and-benefits-of-5G-technology-for-businesses">5G's technical advancements</a> include a new security architecture, but they also present new security challenges.</p> <p>Here's a look at 5G security architecture, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/A-deep-dive-into-the-differences-between-4G-and-5G-networks">how it differs from 4G</a>, and the benefits and security challenges it brings.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G network security risks and threats"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G network security risks and threats</h2> <p>5G security consists of protections and practices designed to defend the entire architecture of fifth-generation mobile networks, which encompasses infrastructure -- such as core networks, radio access networks (RANs) and edge computing -- connected devices, data traffic and the services that run on top of them. 5G networks rely heavily on virtualization, software-defined components, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/network-slicing">network slicing</a> and cloud-native functions that increase flexibility and performance but also broaden the potential attack surface.</p> <p>As 5G becomes the backbone of industries, infrastructure and everyday life -- connecting more devices, enabling critical applications like remote healthcare and smart grids -- it carries higher stakes. A breach can affect not just individual users but entire systems. At the same time, advanced features like network slicing and distributed edge nodes create new security challenges, such as difficulties in isolating network slices from each other, securing supply chains and managing vast numbers of IoT endpoints.</p> <p>Here are some of the key <a target="_blank" href="https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/article/safeguarding-the-future-managing-5g-security-risks/" rel="noopener">risks</a> and threats to take into account when securing a 5G network:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Supply chain compromise.</b> Malicious or faulty hardware, firmware and other components introduced through third-party vendors can compromise the network's integrity.</li> <li><b>Legacy infrastructure and backward compatibility risks.</b> Dependence on older systems, such as 4G LTE, as fallbacks can reintroduce known vulnerabilities into the 5G environment.</li> <li><b>Expanded attack surface from IoT device connectivity.</b> Having to support a huge number of connected devices -- many with weak security -- can leave entry points for malware, botnets and other hostile elements.</li> <li><b>Virtualization, cloud-native and software-defined infrastructure risks. </b>5G's use of software-defined networking, virtualized network functions, edge computing and APIs means misconfigurations, insecure containers and shared resources are more likely to pose threats.</li> <li><b>Network slicing and multi-tenant isolation vulnerabilities.</b> Virtual "slices" of the network might not be completely isolated, so compromising one slice can compromise others.</li> <li><b>Denial-of-service</b><b> and signaling-storm attacks. </b>Because 5G networks carry a lot of device traffic and control signaling, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/denial-of-service">DoS</a> attacks designed to flood them with control messages and other traffic can disrupt the availability of critical services.</li> <li><b>Eavesdropping, traffic analysis and rogue base stations. </b>Attackers might intercept or manipulate data, track users or exploit fake towers to degrade privacy or integrity.</li> <li><b>Inadequate monitoring and visibility in distributed edge environments.</b> With more edge nodes, devices and distributed infrastructure, spotting threats and enforcing consistent security becomes harder.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G security architecture"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G security architecture</h2> <p>The 5G core network, which provides coordination between different parts of the RAN and connectivity to the internet, is a service-based architecture (SBA) built around cloud-based technologies that provides authentication, security and session management, as well as other functions and services.</p> <p>The SBA decouples network functions into modular services and relies heavily on <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-functions-virtualization-NFV">network functions virtualization</a>, which virtualizes network services that were traditionally run on proprietary hardware. These are deployed using <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/What-is-multi-access-edge-computing-Benefits-and-use-cases">multi-access edge computing</a>, a network architecture that puts cloud computing and storage capabilities at the edge of a network and close to its users.</p> <p>Despite these changes, there's still a clear modular separation between the RAN, which provides wireless connectivity, and the security protocols of the 5G core.</p> <p>However, because 5G now depends heavily on virtualized network functions, cloud-native infrastructure, multi-vendor environments and edge deployments, it cannot rely on legacy hardware-centric security assumptions alone. As a result, 5G networks support and require a broader set of security protocols, techniques and features to address the vastly expanded attack surface, the growing number of devices and use cases, and the complexity of modern deployments.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G security features"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G security features</h2> <p>The following 5G security improvements are among the most important.</p> <h3>Encryption</h3> <p>Stronger 256-bit cryptographic algorithms and separating security keys from the core network provide better data protection and aim to make communications sufficiently resistant to attacks by quantum computers.</p> <h3>Privacy</h3> <p>All data passing through 5G networks has confidentiality and integrity protection. Threats like international mobile subscriber identity catchers and temporary mobile subscriber identity catchers, which exploit the fact that 2G, 3G and 4G networks send a user's permanent or temporary identifier in plaintext during the device's initial contact with the network, won't be possible in 5G networks.</p> <p>5G security specifications don't allow plaintext transmissions of the Subscription Permanent Identifier (SUPI). Instead of sending its true identity, a 5G device sends a privacy-preserving identifier containing the concealed SUPI. This Subscriber Concealed Identity ensures that a user's or device's identity and location are encrypted, which makes them impossible to identify or locate from the moment they join a network.</p> <p>Also, 5G has an integrity check on the network control plane and adds an additional check on the user plane, which carries the network user traffic between the device and the RAN. This guarantees that messages between a device and the application on the user plane can't be intercepted and modified over the air.</p> <h3>Authentication and authorization</h3> <p>5G has an authentication protocol called 5G Authentication and Key Agreement to verify the identity of users, devices and network elements using <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/asymmetric-cryptography">asymmetric randomized encryption</a>. Its Access and Mobility Management Function sends an authentication request to the Authentication Server Function, which forwards authentication requests to the Unified Data Management, which then decides on the appropriate authentication method depending on the subscriber profile. It supports pre-shared keys, certificates and tokens, whereas 4G requires a physical SIM card, which isn't practical for simple IoT devices that rely on an embedded SIM.</p> <h3>Roaming security</h3> <p>All communications between core network nodes employ the same set of protocols protected by the same security controls, reducing the number of security processes, while the Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP) implements end-to-end security protection for source and destination network traffic. SEPP replaces <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Signaling-System-7">Signaling System 7</a> and Diameter used in 3G and 4G networks.</p> <h3>Reliability</h3> <p>Network slicing, which is similar to traditional network segmentation, enables different segments to have customized security controls for specific use cases. Also, in the event of an incident, traffic can be quickly blocked or quarantined if it's on a separate network slice.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G security benefits"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G security benefits</h2> <p>5G introduces much-needed improvements to 4G network security with more frequent authentication and integrity checks. The fact that data can be transferred at high speed, with strong encryption complemented by authentication, means <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/10-ways-5G-is-transforming-manufacturing">smart automation</a>, better critical infrastructure monitoring and smart cities are realistic possibilities.</p> <p>The 5G standard is based on input and expertise from around the world and has security at its heart. With security controls baked in at the design stage, 5G networks should be more resilient to attacks now and in the future.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G security implementation challenges"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G security implementation challenges</h2> <p>These benefits come at a price, since deploying 5G is expensive. For example, more transmitters are required to cover the same area as a 4G network, and security best practices add to the cost. 5G requires strong enforcement by regulators, such as the Federal Communications Commission, to clamp down on providers that omit mandatory security features to cut costs -- a practice that has weakened security in many previous-generation networks.</p> <p>Rolling out 5G depends on a global supply chain, which opens up plenty of opportunities for hackers to compromise hardware, software and services. In fact, it will be several years before there are 5G networks with no legacy technologies. Until then, 5G must remain interoperable with 3G and 4G. This means downgrade attacks, in which hackers manipulate a connection into using a less secure 3G or 4G service, will remain a threat.</p> <p>There is also a shortage of security practitioners with in-depth knowledge of 5G security. Vendors need to correctly implement the security controls required by the relevant standards, obviously, but a bigger risk is that mobile network operators -- in practice, the ones deploying 5G -- might introduce new or unforeseen risks and vulnerabilities into the system if they don't configure their systems correctly.</p> <p><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/5G-infrastructure">5G infrastructure</a> is far more complex than 4G infrastructure, with millions more connected devices, more traffic routing points and a wider range of entry points, which greatly increases the attack surface. Monitoring and maintenance need to be upgraded to sustain real-time threat detection; otherwise, one malicious device could potentially compromise thousands of interconnected devices.</p> <p>5G supports creating connected services and industries with innovative use cases that could attract a new wave of cybercriminals and threat vectors that test the resilience of 5G networks and the strength of the controls that provide security for 5G communications. Many of these risks and security threats are not yet fully understood. As a result, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project and other organizations involved in setting the security standards for mobile technologies need to ensure updated requirements are implemented based on changes to the threat landscape and future risk assessments.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Approaches to securing 5G networks"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Approaches to securing 5G networks</h2> <p>Service providers and enterprises are increasingly adopting a <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/zero-trust-model-zero-trust-network">zero-trust</a> and identity-centric architecture to protect 5G environments. Rather than implicitly trusting devices or network segments, every access request -- whether from a device, user or network function -- is continuously verified based on identity, context and risk. This approach is often coupled with micro-segmentation of network domains -- for example, isolating IoT endpoints, edge nodes and core services -- to limit the damage of a security compromise. Robust identity management, including mutual authentication between user equipment and network and certificate- or token-based access, is a pillar of this approach.</p> <p>At the same time, protecting the deeper infrastructure of 5G <a target="_blank" href="https://www.prodshell.com/blog/5g-security-strategies" rel="noopener">means</a> tackling the increased complexity introduced by virtualization, cloud-native components, edge computing and global supply chains. Key measures include end-to-end encryption across both control and user planes; securing the software-defined and virtualized components by using hardened hardware security modules, cryptographic key lifecycle controls and trusted platform modules; and implementing strong vendor as well as component evaluation programs to manage supply chain risk. Monitoring and threat detection capabilities based on machine learning and other forms of AI are increasingly incorporated to spot anomalous behaviors across distributed network slices or edge nodes in real time.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Due diligence for 5G security"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Due diligence for 5G security</h2> <p>Effective due diligence begins with rigorous vendor and supply chain assessment. Operators must verify who their suppliers are, evaluate the trustworthiness of hardware and software components, and ensure there are documented processes for secure manufacturing, patching, updates and incident notification. This includes collecting company background, financial information and the vendor's security posture, not only during onboarding but continuously afterward.</p> <p>Next is a comprehensive review of network architecture, identity and access management, and monitoring. Due diligence means mapping all endpoints and segments, including edge‑nodes, slices, RAN and core; checking that micro‑segmentation or zero trust principles are adopted; verifying mutual authentication and strong key management; and confirming that encryption is in place across control and user planes. Ongoing ability to detect anomalies, log events and respond to incidents is also critical.</p> <p>Finally, telecom operators must handle compliance, operational readiness and continuous security assurance. They need to ensure adherence to relevant standards, maintain audit trails, conduct regular risk assessments of vendor access and infrastructure changes, and sustain visibility into the security of virtualized or cloud‑native functions. It's not enough to build once; the distributed, software‑defined nature of 5G demands ongoing diligence.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G network security trends"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G network security trends</h2> <p>Like most technology developments, 5G security is in a continual state of evolution. The following are some of the 5G network security trends to keep in mind as this sector evolves:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Wider adoption of zero</b><b>‑</b><b>trust and identity</b><b>‑</b><b>centric models.</b> As 5G architectures become more distributed and virtualized, the traditional perimeter-defense approach is no longer sufficient. More organizations <a target="_blank" href="https://www.psmarketresearch.com/market-analysis/5g-security-market-report" rel="noopener">are shifting</a> to zero‑trust frameworks that continuously verify devices, users and services rather than implicitly trusting network segments. This approach also supports micro‑segmentation and granular control over access in 5G‑enabled environments.</li> <li><b>Increased use of AI, machine learning and edge analytics for threat detection and response.</b> With 5G networks enabling massive connectivity and edge computing deployments, there's a growing need for real‑time monitoring and automated response. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/How-5G-and-artificial-intelligence-may-influence-each-other">AI and ML tools are being embedded</a> into network operations to identify anomalous patterns, respond to threats faster and adapt to new attack methods -- especially those targeting IoT endpoints or network slices.</li> <li><strong>Preparing for future threats: quantum‑safe cryptography and supply chain resilience controls.</strong> As the number of 5G devices and virtualized network functions grows, so does the attack surface. Two responses will dominate here: first, introducing or piloting <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/post-quantum-cryptography">post-quantum cryptography </a>to protect against future quantum-powered attacks; second, greater emphasis on securing the supply chain for both hardware and software, since compromised components in a 5G network can undermine the entire system.</li> </ul> <p><b>Editor's note: </b><i>This article was updated in February 2026 and edited to improve the reader experience. </i></p> </section> 5G has better security than 4G, including stronger encryption, privacy and authentication. But enterprises need to know the challenges of 5G's complex, virtualized architecture. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/security_a385093447.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/5G-security-Everything-you-should-know-for-a-secure-network Tue, 24 Feb 2026 09:00:00 GMT <p>Enterprises poised to increase their spending on AI networking infrastructure have a new option in 102.4 Tbps switching silicon to feed AI's insatiable appetite for speed and scale.</p> <p>Cisco introduced its G300 AI networking chip and corresponding Nexus 9000 and 8000 switches this week as a competitive counterweight to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/news/366635872/HPE-Discover-Barcelona-2025-unveils-AI-networking-advances">HPE and Broadcom</a>, which combined forces late last year. The product of that partnership, the HPE Juniper Networking QFX5250 switch featuring Broadcom's Tomahawk 6 silicon, is due to ship this quarter. Now, Cisco's alternatives -- new liquid-cooled N9364-SG3 &amp; Cisco 8132 switches -- are set for delivery in the second half of this year.</p> <p>"With ongoing supply challenges in the market, Cisco provides an alternative to Broadcom's chips and helps satisfy the need for vendor diversity, particularly among hyperscalers," said Sameh Boujelbene, an analyst at Dell'Oro Group. "Cisco also has incumbency, which matters especially for enterprise customers. … That means it has trusted support relationships, and a natural upgrade path into AI networking without customers having to introduce a new vendor."</p> <div class="imagecaption alignRight"> <img src="https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/boujelbene_sameh.jpg" alt="Sameh Boujelbene, analyst, Dell'Oro Group">Sameh Boujelbene </div> <p>Cisco also claims that customers won't have to rip and replace hardware to keep up with the rapid pace of AI development. The G300, like the previous generation of G200 chips, supports adaptive packet processing, which means IT organizations can use new network features without having to buy new chips.</p> <p>"Programmability allows a single Silicon One G300 hardware platform to serve multiple roles across front-end, back-end and scale-out deployments, reducing SKU numbers, simplifying operations and lowering development costs," Boujelbene said. "It also extends the life of existing infrastructure. ... In a rapidly evolving AI landscape, that flexibility helps future-proof investments."</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/cisco_g300-f.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/cisco_g300-f_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/cisco_g300-f_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/cisco_g300-f.jpg 1280w" alt="Cisco G300 AI networking chip and N9364-SG3 / Cisco 8132 switch chassis." data-credit="Cisco" height="187" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Cisco's G300 AI networking chip and high-end switches support 102.4 Tbps performance for data center scale-across workloads. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Cisco expands AgenticOps, Data Fabric"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Cisco expands AgenticOps, Data Fabric</h2> <p>Cisco's new network hardware addresses infrastructure for AI, while an expansion this week of the AgenticOps software features included with its Nexus One operating system addresses AI for infrastructure.</p> <p>New features due out over the next quarter will support autonomous troubleshooting, including root cause analysis and remediation; continuous network optimization; and trusted validation, which predicts the effects of infrastructure changes.</p> <p>Here, too, Cisco faces competition from HPE, which also updated its Aruba and Juniper Mist line of AIOps products in December. HPE and Cisco have both taken steps to unify and cross-pollinate separate network management and AIOps products previously -- HPE began integrating and sharing data between Aruba and Juniper Mist AIOps tools, while last June, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/opinion/Cisco-Live-2025-set-the-tone-for-AI-security-in-networking">Cisco introduced the AgenticOps concept</a> and its Deep Network Model for data.</p> <blockquote class="main-article-pullquote"> <div class="main-article-pullquote-inner"> <figure> Enterprises like the ability to augment what their staff is doing and allow junior team members to take on more advanced tasks. It allows cost savings and will eventually lead to self-driving networks. </figure> <figcaption> <strong>Alan Weckel</strong>Analyst, 650 Group </figcaption> <i class="icon" data-icon="z"></i> </div> </blockquote> <p>Cisco officials at this month's <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/news/366638794/AI-security-worries-stall-enterprise-production-deployments">AI Summit event</a> acknowledged a "trust deficit" among enterprises contemplating agentic automation, but analysts say that trust deficit is waning as AI agent-driven automation tools proliferate.</p> <p>"Enterprises like the ability to augment what their staff is doing and allow junior team members to take on more advanced tasks," said Alan Weckel, an analyst at 650 Group. "It allows cost savings and will eventually lead to self-driving networks. While HPE, with both Aruba and Juniper, had a lead, Cisco has been closing the gap."</p> <p>HPE is primarily focused on self-driving networks, but Cisco is taking a broader, more holistic approach that also supports AI security automation and advanced data management for observability based on Splunk, said Jim Frey, an analyst at Omdia.</p> <p>"Cisco is broadening the AgenticOps strategy and using it as a collection point across multiple product lines," Frey said. "It started out in the campus and branch part of the business around Meraki and WiFi deployments. … Now it's added all the Catalyst products and it's moving into the data center, too, and connecting to Splunk with AI Canvas. Cisco has a pretty good broad vision of what this can do and how it can bring things together."</p> <p>The next step will be for Cisco to incorporate AgenticOps into its UCS server products as well, Frey said.</p> <div class="imagecaption alignRight"> <img src="https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/frey_jim.jpeg" alt="Jim Frey, analyst, Omdia">Jim Frey </div> <p>The <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/news/366630300/Cisco-Splunk-strategy-shift-unveiled-with-Data-Fabric">Cisco Data Fabric</a> project, which was launched last September and proposes a unified data lake and UI to drive data center AI agent automation, has also made strides over the last five months, according to Mangesh Pimpalkhare, senior vice president and general manager of Splunk Platform.</p> <p>Cisco released a natively integrated AI Canvas for Splunk Platform to early adopter customers and made a new foundational AI model for time-series data available on Hugging Face late last year, Pimpalkhare said during a press briefing Feb. 5.</p> <p>"There's the next evolution of that [model] … coming on February 18," Pimpalkhare said. "And then we are also making some great progress on the federated search … working with several data lakes that's on track over the next couple of months. And then last but not least, I'm really excited about our machine data lake that should be in alpha in the next two months as well."</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Enterprise AI networking purchases poised for takeoff"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Enterprise AI networking purchases poised for takeoff</h2> <p>Until now, the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/news/366638851/Cloud-infrastructure-suffers-AI-growing-pains">AI infrastructure boom</a> has largely been driven by public cloud and neocloud providers, but enterprises are increasingly showing significant interest in AI data center updates, according to recent IDC research.</p> <p>Specifically, enterprises are increasingly emphasizing the ability to scale networks across data centers rather than scaling network hardware up and out within data centers to support AI workloads, according to IDC analyst Paul Nicholson. That's where <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/news/366632593/Cisco-Silicon-One-touts-efficiency-breakthrough-with-AI-chip">Cisco P200 chips</a> and switches and Broadcom's Jericho4 will fit in.</p> <p>"In IDC's AI in Networking Special Report in December 2025, scale-across topped the three technologies with around a third more respondents stating it was a critical capability for evaluating offerings and capabilities of data center networking vendors, in a multi-selection question," Nicholson said.</p> <p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://my.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US53938025&amp;pageType=PRINTFRIENDLY" rel="noopener">survey of 500 respondents</a> also found that around 90% of enterprises planned to increase the bandwidth both in and among data centers for AI workloads by 11% to 20% in the next year. But more organizations -- over one-third -- planned to expand data center interconnect bandwidth by more than 50%, a larger increase than that planned for bandwidth within data centers in the next year.</p> <p>"Scale-across is contributing to this, along with inference and connecting data for AI," Nicholson said. "This is likely led by several factors -- for example, competition for data center resources, including power and cooling, cost and expansion considerations, access to remote data and sovereign requirements."</p> <p><i>Beth Pariseau, a senior news writer for Informa TechTarget, is an award-winning veteran of IT journalism. Have a tip? </i><a href="mailto:beth.pariseau@informatechtarget.com?subject=News%20tip"><i>Email her</i></a><i>.</i></p> </section> Cisco's entrée into 102.4 Tbps silicon boasts in-place programmability and new AgenticOps features as enterprise AI infrastructure spending ramps up. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/maze_g676210320.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/news/366639036/Cisco-G300-AI-network-chip-AgenticOps-parry-Broadcom-HPE Wed, 11 Feb 2026 14:37:00 GMT <p>Manufacturing remained ransomware operators' most-targeted sector heading into 2026, according to analysis by threat researchers at cybersecurity services provider NordStellar. Other top targets by industry include IT firms, professional services providers and construction companies.</p> <p>Note, however, that -- as for-profit businesses -- ransomware gangs constantly adapt to shifting market conditions, victimizing any organizations they see as both relatively vulnerable and likely to pay. With that caveat in mind, what follows are the 10 industries that ransomware operators most frequently targeted in 2025, according to NordStellar's <a target="_blank" href="https://nordstellar.com/blog/ransomware-statistics/" rel="noopener">research</a>.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="1. Manufacturing"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>1. Manufacturing</h2> <p>NordStellar found nearly one in five attacks in 2025 <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/news/366639452/Ransomware-hammers-manufacturing-sector">targeted a manufacturing company</a>, with 1,156 ransomware incidents in this sector -- a 32% year-over-year increase.</p> <p>A recent ransomware attack on Jaguar Land Rover brought the luxury automaker's manufacturing activities to a halt for more than a month. U.K. experts have called it the most financially damaging cyberattack in national history, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/jaguar-land-rover-attack-british-economy-25-billion/803491/" rel="noopener">costing the British economy $2.5 billion</a>.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="2. Information technology"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>2. Information technology</h2> <p>The IT sector currently ranks second, accounting for 8.7% of ransomware incidents. In July 2025, for example, technology firm <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/ingram-micro-restores-global-operations-hack/752708/" rel="noopener">Ingram Micro suffered a ransomware attack</a> that disrupted normal operations for several days. The SafePay ransomware group claimed responsibility.</p> <p>In a high-profile incident in 2021, the REvil gang targeted Taiwan-based PC manufacturer Acer and demanded one of the largest ransoms on record -- $50 million. Whether the company paid the ransom is unknown.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="3. Professional, scientific and technical services"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>3. Professional, scientific and technical services</h2> <p>Professional, scientific and technical services providers were also frequently in ransomware operators' crosshairs in recent months, making up 8.2% of attacks.</p> <p>In August 2025, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/inotiv-confirm-cyberattack-data-theft/807277/" rel="noopener">ransomware disrupted operations at Inotiv</a>, a pharmaceutical and biotechnology services firm. The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/extortion-gangs-join-forces-ransomware-cartel" rel="noopener">Qilin ransomware gang</a> claimed responsibility for the incident, in which attackers stole the personal data of roughly 9,500 people.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="4. Construction and property"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>4. Construction and property</h2> <p>NordStellar researchers found 7.4% of ransomware attacks in 2025 targeted organizations in the construction and property sector.</p> <p>In early 2024, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/loandepot-ransomware-exposes-17M-people/705169/" rel="noopener">ransomware operators hit mortgage lender LoanDepot</a>, stealing the sensitive personal information of 16.6 million customers. The company later said that it incurred <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/loandepot-net-loss-cyber-settlement-q2/723838/" rel="noopener">more than $41 million in attack-related expenses</a> in the first half of that year.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5. Healthcare"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5. Healthcare</h2> <p>Medical providers' high-stakes work and widespread security vulnerabilities make them a perennial target of cybercriminals. In 2025, 5.7% of ransomware attacks targeted healthcare organizations, NordStellar researchers found.</p> <p>Ransomware incidents in this sector can be deadly. An <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/news/252489993/Potential-ransomware-related-death-still-under-investigation">attack on a hospital in Düsseldorf, Germany</a>, once forced healthcare workers to send a patient with a life-threatening condition to another hospital 20 miles away. The patient died, although prosecutors later <a target="_blank" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/11/12/1012015/ransomware-did-not-kill-a-german-hospital-patient/" rel="noopener">concluded</a> the attack and subsequent delay did not play a role. Regardless, research strongly suggests <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/Studies-show-ransomware-has-already-caused-patient-deaths">ransomware attacks have already contributed to unnecessary deaths</a>.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="6. Financial services"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>6. Financial services</h2> <p>One in 20 ransomware attacks in 2025 targeted the financial services industry. A major ransomware attack on this sector could have widespread, catastrophic effects on the economy and society at large. New York's Department of Financial Services has warned it could trigger "the next great financial crisis" by crippling key organizations and eroding consumer confidence.</p> <p>In 2019, the REvil ransomware gang hit foreign exchange bureau Travelex, disrupting operations in dozens of countries and leaving banks and travelers without access to funds for more than a week. The incident, along with the COVID-19 pandemic, left the company in dire financial straits, resulting in <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252487346/Cyber-attack-combined-with-Covid-19-puts-Travelex-into-administration">1,300 job cuts and insolvency administration</a> proceedings.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="7. Transportation, logistics, supply chain and storage"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>7. Transportation, logistics, supply chain and storage</h2> <p>Ransomware incidents in the transportation, logistics, supply chain and storage sectors accounted for 4.9% of attacks last year. Cybercriminals have long viewed organizations in the logistics sector as attractive ransomware targets. Almost a decade ago, for example, a still-infamous <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/news/450424681/NotPetya-ransomware-impact-costs-Maersk-hundreds-of-millions">NotPetya attack cost Danish shipping giant Maersk</a> up to $300 million in lost revenue.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="8. Legal"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>8. Legal</h2> <p>The legal services sector was also among the 10 most targeted industries in recent months, accounting for 4.7% of all attacks, according to the NordStellar report. Major law firms are attractive ransomware targets, as many possess highly sensitive data and are likely to have financial resources to pay large ransom demands. Criminals might also victimize smaller legal firms with outdated or lackluster cybersecurity programs that make their networks relatively easy to access.</p> <p>In February 2021, major law firm <a target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/law-firm-for-ford-pfizer-exxon-discloses-ransomware-attack" rel="noopener">Campbell Conroy &amp; O'Neil said ransomware operators had accessed</a> and encrypted system data that included sensitive personal information such as Social Security numbers and financial information. The trial attorneys have represented numerous Fortune 500 companies, including Boeing, FedEx, Home Depot and Johnson &amp; Johnson.</p> <p>The previous year, a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/a-list-celebrity-law-firm-confirms-cyberattack" rel="noopener">ransomware attack hit prominent entertainment firm</a> Grubman Shire Meiselas &amp; Sacks, which has represented celebrity clients such as Lady Gaga and Madonna.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="9. Retail"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>9. Retail</h2> <p>The retail sector also accounted for 4.7% of attacks in 2025, tying with legal. Sophos researchers found that exploited vulnerabilities have been the most common root cause of ransomware attacks in this sector for the past three years.</p> <p>Several major British retailers sustained high-profile ransomware attacks in 2025, including Marks &amp; Spencer. The incident resulted in stolen customer data and caused online and in-store operational disruptions, with the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/marks-spencer-400m-loss-after-cyberattack" rel="noopener">retail giant later estimating costs of up to $402 million</a>.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="10. Education"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>10. Education</h2> <p>According to NordStellar, educational organizations were targets in 3.6% of ransomware attacks. In positive news, Sophos researchers found that median ransom demands and payments in this sector both fell sharply in 2025. And while roughly half of education victims made ransom payments, the proportion of the initial demands paid also fell year over year.</p> <p>In 2022, 157-year-old Lincoln College became the first American college to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/lincoln-college-set-to-shutter-after-crippling-cyberattack" rel="noopener">attribute its permanent closure in part to a ransomware attack</a>. The school also pointed to the COVID-19 pandemic as a contributing factor. More recent targets include <a target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/texas-tech-medical-data-breach" rel="noopener">Texas Tech University's Health Sciences Centers</a>, the Colorado Department of Higher Education and Bunker Hill Community College in Boston.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Other industries"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Other industries</h2> <p>The total number of ransomware attacks is on the rise, with NordStellar researchers finding evidence on the dark web of 9,251 incidents in 2025 -- up 45% over the previous year. Organizations from industries not mentioned above were targets in 27.8% of these attacks, underscoring an important core truth: No company, regardless of size or sector, is immune.</p> <p><i>Alissa Irei is senior site editor of Informa TechTarget's SearchSecurity site.</i></p> </section> In any given year, certain industries seem to make more attractive targets for ransomware groups. But no single sector shoulders all -- or even most -- of the risk. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/ransom_g943330284.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/Top-10-ransomware-targets-in-2021-and-beyond Tue, 10 Feb 2026 18:15:00 GMT <p>Telecom operators touted fifth-generation cellular technology, or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/5G">5G</a>, as the wave of the future for both consumers and businesses. The hype about 5G's promise of high-speed, high-capacity wireless networks that enabled leading-edge, latency-sensitive applications made headlines. But stumbling blocks in the 5G rollout and performance issues left corporations and consumers alike less than impressed.</p> <p>Over time, telecom providers worked out the kinks. Disruptions abated and performance revved up, laying the groundwork for 5G to provide the communication capabilities needed for advanced applications at the edge, including AI-driven ones.</p> <p>Enterprise clients saw the light and have been replacing point-to-point broadband with the more cost-effective and accessible <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/5G-fixed-wireless-access-market-grows-in-the-US">fixed wireless access 5G</a>. Corporate network owners are also adding mobile 5G connections to tap into faster speeds and more bandwidth.</p> <p>Their interest is understandable, given 5G's numerous features and benefits. Here are seven of the most important ones.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="1. Speed and bandwidth"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>1. Speed and bandwidth</h2> <p>What first comes to mind when 5G is introduced into the technology conversation is lightning-fast transmission speeds and expansive bandwidth. With speeds as high as 20 Gbps, the cellular technology promises to be <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/A-deep-dive-into-the-differences-between-4G-and-5G-networks">three to six times faster</a> in production networks than its predecessor, 4G. 5G has made cellular a practical networking option for advanced applications, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), ultra HD video streaming and telemedicine, because it <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/5G-and-SD-WAN-pair-is-a-game-changer-for-branch-connectivity">gives WAN connections sufficient speed</a> and bandwidth to support those applications.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="2. Low latency"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>2. Low latency</h2> <p>5G's low latency, which in production networks ranges between 1 and 10 milliseconds (ms), delivers numbers far superior to 4G's 50-100 ms. At that level, 5G can deliver the nearly instant transmission speeds required for applications like gaming and autonomous vehicles. 5G's low latency also brings flexibility that makes it possible for enterprises to jettison some of their branch-office infrastructure that is based on the WAN switching mechanism, MPLS, in favor of less expensive and more flexible 5G connections. This is especially true in retail, shared infrastructure and remote environments.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="3. Capacity"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>3. Capacity</h2> <p>5G has the capacity to support up to 100 times more connected devices in the same physical space than 4G LTE can. It can connect up to 1 million devices in a square kilometer while maintaining 99.999% availability. This density creates business advantages for mobile workforces and connected IoT devices in industries like manufacturing and healthcare, as well as in smart cities. For example, 5G's capacity for real-time transmissions from a massive number of devices supports healthcare applications like remote patient tracking through wearables and other devices.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-5G_features_and_benefits.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-5G_features_and_benefits_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-5G_features_and_benefits_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-5G_features_and_benefits.png 1280w" alt="benefits of 5G for businesses" height="322" width="560"> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="4. Security"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>4. Security</h2> <p>Security is a high priority in every aspect of the typical network, but particularly when mobile and IoT devices are involved. They make attractive targets because they are more vulnerable than systems that are locked down behind firewalls. While 5G security is constructed on the same principles as 4G, 5G has important security <a target="_blank" href="https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/akma" rel="noopener">enhancements</a> that deliver stronger encryption. 5G also provides a shield to guard user identities by obscuring subscriber IDs. It also delivers advanced authentication, including non-SIM-based authentication, which provides more options in IoT devices that are too small to fit a SIM card. 5G technology also provides more granular traffic isolation through <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/network-slicing">network slicing</a>.</p> <p>However, the massive volume of traffic carried over 5G networks also introduces new security challenges. Tracking that much data can overwhelm network management systems and security, and end users must stay on top of security updates or risk exposing their devices to threats.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5. Coverage"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5. Coverage</h2> <p>5G improves coverage by using multiple frequency bands, employing intelligent <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/beamforming">beamforming</a> to direct signals precisely, deploying smaller transmitters and cells and optimizing signal penetration with low-band frequencies. While high-band <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/millimeter-wave-MM-wave">millimeter wave</a> 5G offers higher speeds over shorter distances and doesn't penetrate obstacles well, low-band and midband 5G provide wider coverage and better building penetration to extend overall network reach.</p> <p>Midband spectrum balances coverage and bandwidth, delivers improved services and offers a better cost model for higher data use. Network densification is driven by the lower propagation qualities of the high-frequency spectrum that 5G uses, which require more cells in a particular space. Making the network denser requires more base stations as well as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Macrocell-vs-small-cell-vs-femtocell-A-5G-introduction">small cell and macrocell base stations</a>.</p> <p>Massive <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/MIMO">multiple input, multiple output</a> antenna technology extends coverage and network capacity in 5G networks. The technology facilitates the deployment of a large number of antennas at each base station to send and receive signals, improving both capacity and coverage.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="6. Network slicing"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>6. Network slicing</h2> <p>Network slicing applies software-defined networking and virtualization to split the network into virtual slices. While network slicing is still not widely deployed, it is expected to become a popular way to monetize the technology and bring specialized services to customers.</p> <p>Each network slice can adjust to meet the specific requirements of applications or user groups to best support their network, security and performance needs. Telecom operators can use network slicing to deploy services and new functions quickly to adapt to shifting market dynamics.</p> <p>Network slicing introduces new revenue opportunities by delivering higher-value, customized services. These can include services for industries such as manufacturing, healthcare and finance. Network slicing can also be used for horizontal applications, including AR and VR.</p> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FtCKGmalxXA?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="7. Future technology adoption"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>7. Future technology adoption</h2> <p>To go back to the beginning, one of the most compelling promises of 5G is its potential to support innovative new technology and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Top-5G-use-cases-for-business-include-fixed-wireless-healthcare">business uses</a>. 5G is already providing high-speed internet services to businesses and consumers via fixed wireless access. Enterprises see it as a mechanism to support billions of connected devices as well as immersive entertainment applications and industrial automation.</p> <p>In its 2025 "State of Enterprise Connectivity Report," the mobile networking vendor Ericsson found that 88% of those surveyed see <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/How-5G-and-artificial-intelligence-may-influence-each-other">5G as critical to optimizing AI</a> in the workplace. The study uncovered a symbiotic relationship between the two technologies, with 90% noting that AI elevates IT security by automating threat detection.</p> <p>The healthcare industry is beginning to use 5G in conjunction with <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/edge-computing">edge computing</a> for a host of different applications, including remote patient monitoring, remote surgery, telemedicine and IoT medical devices.</p> <p>Several industries, including oil and gas, manufacturing, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Private-5G-for-utilities-Benefits-use-cases-and-deployment">utilities</a> and construction, are using 5G for industrial automation applications. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/5G-in-edge-computing-Benefits-applications-and-challenges">5G-enabled edge computing</a> can improve industrial automation by powering communications with robotics, drones and IoT sensors. Automotive and logistics companies are using the two technologies to build new autonomous vehicle applications.</p> <p>While 5G is widely deployed in the U.S. today, applications are still being developed, including <a target="_blank" href="https://cradlepoint.com/resources/blog/empowering-netcloud-administrator-productivity-and-simplify-operations-through-new-ai-innovations/" rel="noopener">AI-powered software</a>, to take full advantage of 5G's many attributes. 5G technology has become the network cornerstone that enterprises need to move forward from the bleeding edge to the future.</p> <p><i>Amy Larsen DeCarlo has covered the IT industry for more than 30 years, as a journalist, editor and analyst. As principal analyst at GlobalData, she covers managed security and cloud services.</i></p> </section> Increased cellular speed, bandwidth and capacity at lower latencies have made wireless VR and AR practical for business use, enabling vertical industry apps and boosting IoT. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/ComputerWeekly/Hero%20Images/5G-fotolia.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/What-are-the-features-and-benefits-of-5G-technology-for-businesses Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:00:00 GMT <p>In wireless security, passwords are only half the battle. Choosing the proper level of&nbsp;encryption&nbsp;is just as vital, and the right choice determines whether your wireless LAN is a house of straw or a resilient fortress.</p> <p>Wireless security protocols have evolved over time to address issues, enhance compatibility and strengthen security compared to their predecessors. Wired Equivalency Protocol (WEP) is the original wireless standard developed by the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/reference/IEEE-802-Wireless-Standards-Fast-Reference">IEEE</a> in 1997 to provide a security standard for wireless networks. Being new for its time, WEP had several security vulnerabilities that were later addressed in 2004, when Wi-Fi Alliance released Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) as its successor. WPA built upon WEP by addressing its security flaws.</p> <p>WPA was more of a temporary standard used to address the latter's issues, as it soon became obsolete in 2004 in favor of WPA2, a faster and more secure protocol. WPA2 was a long-term standard that remained the most dominant security protocol until 2018, when Wi-Fi Alliance introduced <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/WPA3">WPA3</a>. Although WPA3 is the latest wireless security standard, most organizations continue to use WPA2.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Why wireless encryption matters for enterprises"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Why wireless encryption matters for enterprises</h2> <p><a name="_Hlk216112300"></a>Encryption is the process of converting data into ciphertext that requires the proper keys for decryption, making it difficult to decode. Encryption happens at many layers. Business applications and web commerce are all encrypted, whether using an encrypted Wi-Fi connection or a VPN, so wireless network encryption is arguably less significant than it once was.</p> <p>Wi-Fi encryption, in addition to the application-specific encryption in use, provides a comprehensive security baseline for all client devices. This prevents unencrypted applications from posing a security risk. <a name="_Hlk216112580"></a>Encryption also helps make the WLAN environment more secure from a topology perspective, as a defense against other potential vulnerabilities.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How unsecured wireless networks create risks"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How unsecured wireless networks create risks</h2> <p>Wireless networks require security protocols to ensure they remain secure, efficient and are compatible between various devices. Wireless networks without these standards could potentially face multiple security risks, such as the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Compromised data. </b>An unsecured network is at risk of being compromised by internal or external threat actors seeking to steal data, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/answer/How-to-prevent-network-sniffing-and-eavesdropping">eavesdrop</a> or perform other malicious activities. Anyone within range can intercept the radio waves carrying Wi-Fi traffic without the need to access physical hardware directly.</li> <li><b>Expanded attack surface. </b>Threat actors can use unsecured wireless networks as a point of vulnerability to gain access to the broader enterprise network. Encryption doesn't necessarily fix this problem, but attackers who see a WLAN with outdated encryption protocols in place might attempt to exploit other weak spots in the wireless network.</li> <li><b>Malware distribution.</b> Hackers who gain access to the network can distribute viruses, ransomware or other malware across devices connected to it. This can lead to data breaches that create <ins datetime="2025-12-09T16:59" cite="mailto:Darah,%20Deanna"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/The-effects-of-network-downtime-and-ways-to-fix-it">network downtime</a></ins> and lead to financial loss for the organization.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How each wireless security protocol works"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How each wireless security protocol works</h2> <p>Most wireless APs come with the ability to enable one of four wireless encryption standards:</p> <ol class="default-list"> <li>Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP).</li> <li>Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).</li> <li>WPA2.</li> <li>WPA3.</li> </ol> <p>WEP is the first generation of wireless security protocols, followed by WPA. However, organizations should avoid these older WLAN security standards, as they have been deprecated. Not only are WEP and WPA easily crackable by commoditized applications, but they also indicate that the client devices restricted to them are outdated and could <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Three-ways-to-measure-wireless-network-performance">jeopardize WLAN performance</a>.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-wireless_security_cheat_sheet-f.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-wireless_security_cheat_sheet-f_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-wireless_security_cheat_sheet-f_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-wireless_security_cheat_sheet-f.png 1280w" alt="Comparison chart of WEP, WPA, WPA2 and WPA3" height="310" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Compare the different wireless encryption standards to learn how they work and if you should use them. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How WPA2 works"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How WPA2 works</h2> <p>As the successor to WPA, WPA2 was ratified by the IEEE in 2004 as 802.11i. WPA2's strength comes from using <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/Advanced-Encryption-Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/CCMP-Counter-Mode-with-Cipher-Block-Chaining-Message-Authentication-Code-Protocol">Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol</a>, an authentication mechanism.</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>AES. </b>Developed by the U.S. government to protect classified data, AES comprises three symmetric block ciphers. Each cipher encrypts and decrypts data in blocks of 128 bits using 128-, 192- and 256-bit keys, relying on the increased processing power of modern Wi-Fi hardware and client devices.</li> <li><b>CCMP</b>. Protects data confidentiality by allowing only authorized network users to receive data. It uses cipher block chaining message authentication code to ensure message integrity.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="KRACK vulnerability exposes WPA2 flaws"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>KRACK vulnerability exposes WPA2 flaws</h2> <p>WPA2 was a significant step forward in Wi-Fi security, but two major flaws eventually emerged:</p> <ol class="default-list"> <li>The key exchange used in WPA2 has inherent weaknesses that make it a poor fit for sensitive data.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Why-WPA2-PSK-can-be-a-security-risk-even-with-an-uncracked-key">WPA2-Personal</a>, which uses preshared keys, is only as strong as the PSK password used to secure it.</li> </ol> <h3>KRACK vulnerability</h3> <p>WPA2 has a major drawback known as the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/answer/How-does-the-KRACK-vulnerability-use-encryption-keys">key reinstallation attack (KRACK) vulnerability</a>, which exploits the reinstallation of wireless encryption keys. WPA2-Enterprise has a stronger authentication scheme than WPA2-Personal due to its use of Extensible Authentication Protocol. However, the KRACK vulnerability exists at the encryption stage. As a result, it affects all WPA2 implementations.</p> <p>Industry analysts widely acknowledged KRACK as a serious WPA2 security flaw. The finding prompted technology providers to quickly roll out software patches to mitigate risk until the arrival of the next generation of wireless security. But many experts argued the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/news/450428414/KRACK-WPA2-vulnerability-might-be-more-hype-than-risk">KRACK vulnerability would prove difficult to exploit</a>&nbsp;in the real world.</p> <h3>Weak PSKs compromise the four-way handshake</h3> <p>A new Wi-Fi network connection begins with a cryptographic four-way handshake between an endpoint and AP.</p> <ol class="default-list"> <li>Both devices prove they know a preestablished authentication code -- Pairwise Master Key (PMK) in enterprise mode and PSK in personal mode -- without either one revealing it explicitly through a series of back-and-forth messages.</li> <li>The client device sends a cryptographic response to the AP to confirm that both devices generated the same encryption key.</li> <li>The AP passes a traffic encryption key to the client.</li> <li>If the endpoint doesn't acknowledge it has received the key, the AP assumes a connectivity issue, resending and reinstalling it repeatedly.</li> </ol> <p>KRACK attackers -- who must be within physical range of both the client and the network -- can trigger, capture, analyze, manipulate and replay those retransmissions until they're able to determine the key, break encryption and gain access to network data.</p> <p>The four-way handshake method also makes WPA2 networks with weak passcodes vulnerable to offline&nbsp;dictionary attacks, a type of brute-force attack that involves systematically trying hundreds, thousands or millions of pre-compiled possible passwords, out of earshot of the target network.</p> <p><a name="_Hlk216183840"></a>An attacker could capture a WPA2 handshake, take that information offline and use a computer program to compare it against a list of likely codes. This process continues until they find a code that aligns logically with the available handshake data. Dictionary attacks are less likely to succeed against long and complex <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Top-5-password-hygiene-tips-and-best-practices">passwords with combinations</a> of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters.</p> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l71GBlds0Rs?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How WPA3 works"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How WPA3 works</h2> <p>In 2018, Wi-Fi Alliance began certification for WPA3, the most recent and most secure wireless security standard. As of July 2020, Wi-Fi Alliance <a href="https://www.wi-fi.org/security">required all devices</a> seeking Wi-Fi certification to support WPA3. New features and requirements include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Protected Management Frames. </b>Required in WPA3 and optional in prior standards. PMFs help guard against eavesdropping and forging. It also standardizes the 128-bit cryptographic suite and disallows obsolete security protocols. WPA3-Enterprise has optional 192-bit security encryption and a 48-bit IV for heightened protection of sensitive corporate, financial and governmental data.</li> <li><b>Stronger CCMP. </b>WPA3-Personal uses CCMP-128 and AES-128, whereas the enterprise version with 802.1X offers stronger protection options.</li> <li><b>More secure cryptographic handshake. </b>Replaces the legacy PSK four-way handshake with simultaneous authentication of equals. SAE eliminates the reuse of encryption keys, requiring a new code with every interaction. Without open-ended communication between AP and client or the reuse of encryption keys, cybercriminals can't easily eavesdrop or insert themselves into an exchange.</li> <li><b>Wi-Fi Easy Connect. </b>Introduced by Wi-Fi Alliance alongside WPA3. Wi-Fi Easy Connect simplifies the onboarding process for IoT devices without visual configuration interfaces using a mechanism such as a QR code scan.</li> <li><b>Wi-Fi Enhanced Open.</b> Safeguards connecting to public Wi-Fi networks by automatically encrypting information between each client and AP using a new unique key.</li> <li><b>Opportunistic Wireless Encryption.</b> Provides an automatic key exchange for devices that support it. OWE also offers eavesdropping-resistant encryption with no user intervention.</li> </ul> <p>WPA3 is not impervious to threats, however. WPA3 has design and implementation flaws known as Dragonblood vulnerabilities. These include two downgrade attacks, in which an attacker forces a device to revert to WPA2, and two side-channel attacks, which enable offline dictionary attacks. However, according to Wi-Fi Alliance, vendors could readily mitigate them with software upgrades.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="WPA3: The most secure Wi-Fi protocol"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>WPA3: The most secure Wi-Fi protocol</h2> <p>Experts agree WPA3 is best for Wi-Fi security, as it's the most up-to-date wireless encryption protocol. Some wireless APs do not support WPA3, however. In that case, the next best option is WPA2, which is widely deployed in the enterprise space today.</p> <p><a name="_Hlk216188312"></a>Because WEP or WPA are outdated and insecure, network administrators should replace any&nbsp;<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/Is-there-a-difference-between-a-wireless-access-point-and-a-wireless-router">wireless AP or router</a>&nbsp;that supports WEP or WPA with a newer device compatible with WPA2 or WPA3.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Best practices for Wi-Fi deployment and migration"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Best practices for Wi-Fi deployment and migration</h2> <p>There is no single best approach to wireless security. Successful implementation begins with defining specific requirements tailored to the situation and client device capabilities. Not all environments require the most comprehensive security, the necessary infrastructure and the costs that come with it.</p> <p>Certain situations, such as those involving PCI or HIPAA, for example, require stronger security than others. Wi-Fi security also needs to be designed for compliance where regulatory guidance is mandated. In other situations, organizations must weigh the decision to use 802.1X-based security or PSK-based encryption. This decision comes down to the ease of use and the complexity of implementation.</p> <p>Organizations can secure even an open wireless network by only allowing clients to access the internet or a targeted in-house destination with secure applications.&nbsp;</p> <p>Defining requirements is often one of the most challenging aspects of wireless security. Implementation difficulty will depend on complexity of the requirements. Organizations might find they need multiple types of security in one environment for different use cases. The choice will require ongoing periodic auditing or penetration testing, as well as monitoring for new vulnerabilities of current protocols that become obsolete.</p> <p><i>Jessica Scarpati is a Boston-based freelance writer. She is the former features and e-zine editor for Informa TechTarget's SearchNetworking Media Group.</i></p> <p><i>Alissa Irei is senior site editor of Informa TechTarget's SearchSecurity.</i></p> <p><i>Lee Badman is a network architect specializing in wireless and cloud technologies for a large private university. He's also an author and frequent presenter at industry events.</i></p> </section> As wireless networks have evolved, so have the protocols for securing them. Get an overview of WLAN security standards, and learn the differences among WEP, WPA, WPA2 and WPA3. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/searchCIO/enterprise_security/cio_article_014.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Wireless-encryption-basics-Understanding-WEP-WPA-and-WPA2 Wed, 10 Dec 2025 13:00:00 GMT <p>5G New Radio, or 5G NR, is a globally accepted standard that delivers more responsive mobile experiences for a wide range of applications over fifth-generation wireless (5G) networks. 5G NR, which replaces the fourth-generation wireless (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/4G">4G</a>) LTE network communications standard, provides a unified and more capable wireless air interface for a diverse set of wireless 5G applications. It describes how 5G products like smartphones and IoT devices transmit data with 5G NR network infrastructure, such as a 5G-enabled <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/base-station">base station</a>. Data transmissions using 5G NR are faster and have less latency compared with previous -- 4G and earlier -- standards.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Importance of 5G NR"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Importance of 5G NR</h2> <p>As the number and diversity of mobile and wireless applications increase, a standard, flexible wireless air interface and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Network-scalability-issues-and-several-approaches-to-fix-them">scalable network</a> architecture are needed to support these applications. Here's where 5G NR comes in. The 5G NR standard provides a reliable, unified wireless air interface that expands the capabilities and utility of mobile networks, devices and applications across a wide range of industries. It covers both the technologies and infrastructure that facilitate and control data transmission between devices over 5G wireless networks.</p> <p>An important goal of 5G NR is to support the growth of wireless communication and 5G networks by enhancing the amount of data transmitted over a given spectrum -- i.e., the electromagnetic radiation <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/spectrum-efficiency">spectrum efficiency</a> -- for mobile <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/broadband">broadband</a>. As the foundational backbone of 5G, 5G NR provides improved connectivity, higher speeds, lower latency and more enhanced mobile experiences than previous wireless standards like 4G and 4G LTE. It also enhances signal strength and energy efficiency, reduces interference and improves 5G scalability. These are critical requirements in highly interconnected environments where multiple devices must communicate simultaneously with many other devices with maximum speed, minimal interference and minimal <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/video/A-brief-explanation-of-latency">latency</a>.</p> <p>5G NR is also important because it facilitates cost-effective 5G rollout. Through support for dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) and the use of a flexible service-based architecture (SBA), 5G NR supports the deployment of 5G on the same frequencies as its predecessor, 4G LTE. This means there's no -- or minimal -- need to rip and replace existing wireless infrastructure, so users can benefit from the higher speeds, better performance and reliability of 5G even in areas where 5G-specific infrastructure is still evolving.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How does 5G NR work?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How does 5G NR work?</h2> <p>5G NR works using the same radio access technology LTE networks use: orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiple-access-OFDMA">OFDMA</a>. However, 5G NR uses techniques such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/QAM">quadrature amplitude monitoring</a>, beamforming and other new features that increase the efficiency of a network and lower its latency.</p> <p>5G NR also employs new engineering techniques that move more data through the core network faster and update the discrete operations of the <i>air interface</i> -- that is, the client device's interaction with the network provider radio hardware. The frequency of the electromagnetic waves 5G NR uses varies along the wireless spectrum in defined sub-6 GHz and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/millimeter-wave-MM-wave">mmWave</a> <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/band">frequency bands</a>. These higher frequency ranges, along with advanced antenna systems like massive multiple-input multiple-output (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/MIMO">MIMO</a>), improve wireless performance in throughput, latency and scalability.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Applications of 5G NR"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Applications of 5G NR</h2> <p>5G NR is designed to provide higher coverage and capacity for cellular routers. It also supports fiber-equivalent <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/bandwidth">bandwidth</a> transmissions required for data-intensive applications such as streaming video, self-driving vehicles, healthcare monitors and low-bandwidth transmissions used in <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/machine-to-machine-M2M">machine-to-machine</a> communications at a massive scale, also known as <i>massive machine-type communication</i> or <i>mMTC</i>.</p> <p>Continuous improvements in 5G NR also facilitate other applications, such as the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Deployment of <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/private-5G">private 5G</a> networks.</li> <li>Deployment of campus-wide 5G networks.</li> <li>Boundless extended reality, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/augmented-reality-AR">augmented reality</a> and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/virtual-reality">virtual reality</a>.</li> <li>Unmanned aerial vehicles (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/drone">UAVs</a>), also known as <i>drones</i>.</li> <li>Satellite communications.</li> <li>Industrial IoT (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Industrial-Internet-of-Things-IIoT">IIoT</a>) and industrial automation.</li> <li>Smart cities.</li> <li>Predictive maintenance for critical infrastructure.</li> <li>Smart logistics.</li> <li>Remote surgery and telehealth.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/driverless-car">Autonomous vehicles</a>.</li> </ul> <p>For all these, plus other advanced applications, 5G NR offers the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Faster communication and data transfer speeds.</li> <li>Improved <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/How-to-ensure-network-performance-and-reliability">network performance</a> and scalability to deliver enhanced wireless experiences.</li> <li>Support for technologies like AI to improve wireless communications and mitigate wireless challenges, such as modeling of nonlinear functions and optimization of modem parameters.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Primary requirements for 5G NR"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Primary requirements for 5G NR</h2> <p>For a connection to qualify as 5G NR, several performance and connectivity requirements must be met:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>The connection must support wireless mobile connections.</li> <li>Connectivity must support <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT">IoT</a> that includes all of the various devices and wired or wireless connections that make up a user's digital experience, as well as sensor-type <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/headless-system">headless</a> client devices.</li> <li>It must implement a lean signaling design. This means signals are only switched on when needed, lowering the overall processing power required of client devices.</li> <li>The connection must use adaptive bandwidth, which enables devices to switch to a low bandwidth and lower power when possible, saving energy for when higher bandwidths are necessary.</li> <li>5G NR should also enforce strict data transmission requirements. Forcing all users and connections to respect specific rules makes the entire network faster and more efficient.</li> </ul> <p>Time synchronization is another essential requirement to optimize 5G network performance, particularly for demanding use cases like <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366622516/AI-led-automation-drives-strategic-forces-for-industrial-transformation">industrial automation</a>. Many different approaches can help ensure accurate and reliable synchronization in a 5G network's evolved radio access network (RAN) architecture. One approach is <i>precision time protocol</i>, which uses a master-slave architecture to ensure all network elements -- radios, base stations, edge devices and more -- are precisely time-aligned. Radio interface-based methods can also be used to synchronize distributed radio units in the RAN.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Benefits of 5G NR"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Benefits of 5G NR</h2> <p>The benefits of 5G NR over even the best LTE networks include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Larger network capacity, more extensive coverage, and improved 5G penetration.</li> <li>Increased energy savings per device.</li> <li>Shorter time between updates, reducing the average service creation time cycle.</li> <li>Improved technology for maintaining the quality of a connection over a broad geographical area.</li> <li>Enhanced speed and data rates, meaning more bits are processed over a unit of time.</li> <li>Improved efficiency in data sharing.</li> <li>Improved latency over 4G.</li> <li>Support for network slicing, enabling network operators to create multiple virtual networks over a common physical infrastructure, with each network tailored for a specific application.</li> <li>Support for <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/5G-in-edge-computing-Benefits-applications-and-challenges">edge computing</a>, which reduces latency and improves the performance of real-time applications.</li> </ul> <p>In addition, 5G NR introduces several improvements over older wireless networks:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Diversity of spectrum, ranging from several hundred kilohertz to mmWave, to enable various use cases, cell sizes and data rates.</li> <li>Efficient modulation, involving new orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing methods and channel-coding techniques to facilitate high-data-rate communications.</li> <li>Frequency reuse algorithms, even in dense environments, to increase available network capacity and spectrum efficiency.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/beamforming">Beamforming</a>, a signal processing technique in 5G NR, to improve signal quality and coverage.</li> <li>Massive MIMO capabilities to improve network capacity as well as enhance signal quality, range and reliability.</li> <li>Slot time operations to deliver ultralow-latency communications.</li> </ul> <p>All these capabilities are key underpinnings of 5G NR's significant gains in capacity, throughput and network coverage.</p> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FtCKGmalxXA?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G NR deployment modes"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G NR deployment modes</h2> <p>There are various ways 5G NR can be brought to life at a given site. Which deployment mode to use depends on several factors, including the existing infrastructure, whether a <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchunifiedcommunications/definition/greenfield-deployment">greenfield project</a> is in play and what client types are expected in the 5G NR service area.</p> <p>The three main 5G NR deployment modes are the following:</p> <ol class="default-list"> <li><b>Standalone mode.</b> In this mode, the full 5G technical paradigm is deployed. No residual 4G technical underpinnings are involved. If the clients can take advantage of the deployment, then all 5G benefits are realized.</li> <li><b>Non-standalone mode.</b> In this mode, a site is essentially a hybrid. Some 4G network infrastructure remains. While the radio frequency side of 5G NR presents benefits, what it uplinks into results in a worse overall experience compared with standalone mode. This model permits carriers to phase in full 5G architecture at sites and <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366589874/JT-taps-Ericsson-for-5G-test-centre">tout their 5G progress</a>.</li> <li><b>Dynamic spectrum sharing.</b> In DSS, the same frequency can do time-sliced duty in both 4G and 5G modes, using advanced antenna and transceiver processing. This means no single spectrum band must be dedicated to just 4G or 5G.</li> </ol> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G NR spectrum"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G NR spectrum</h2> <p>The 5G NR standard supports several low-, mid- and high-frequency bands. They are broken into two categories:</p> <ol class="default-list"> <li>Frequency Range 1 (FR 1), which includes frequency bands less than 6 GHz (i.e., sub-6 GHz).</li> <li>Frequency Range 2 (FR 2), which includes bands with a low range combined with a high bandwidth and mmWaves. This range is 24-71 GHz.</li> </ol> <p>FR 1 has been extended to cover new spectrum offerings from 410 MHz to 7 GHz. Many 5G deployments use the sub-6 frequency of 450 MHz to 6 GHz for its longer transmission distance and ease of deployment. The high bands above 24 GHz, known as mmWaves, offer lower latency and performance as high as 20 Gbps. They also have shorter wavelengths, making them suitable for high-density deployments and high-demand applications. However, mmWaves have limited penetration, since objects like walls can block them easily.</p> <p>The bands 5G NR supports also encompass <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366599382/BroadbandOne-boosts-IoT-with-expanded-of-next-gen-TaaS">licensed spectrum</a> and unlicensed spectrum <i>5G NR-U</i>, which includes bands anyone can access. This wide diversity of spectrum slices in 5G helps meet the coverage and speed demands of many modern applications that previous standards (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G) could not satisfy due to their narrower spectrum availability.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5G and LTE: Key differences and bridging the gap"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5G and LTE: Key differences and bridging the gap</h2> <p>5G NR network architecture diverges somewhat from LTE's tower-centric model because the higher frequencies require high quantities of smaller pole- and building-mounted nodes to get the network to users. While carrier mobile networks go through the rigors of updating their infrastructures for 5G NR, consumers and businesses can <a target="_blank" href="https://www.speedtest.net/ookla-5g-map" rel="noopener">follow</a> the progress at several websites.</p> <p>A 5G NR network is based on a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/3rd-Generation-Partnership-Project-3GPP">3GPP</a>)-defined SBA. Unlike previous standards, the 5G SBA is more flexible, since it uses a set of interconnected network functions (NFs) to deliver the control plane functionality and common data repositories of the network. The NFs are exposed as services, and they are independent as well as reusable. This architecture delivers network scalability and eases integration with external applications like cloud-based services.</p> <p>Among the key architectural components of the 5G RAN is the <i>gNodeB</i>. This is the core base station of the 5G NR network that connects user devices (e.g., smartphones) to the 5G network. Unlike the eNodeB core base station in 4G LTE networks, the gNodeB in 5G NR separates the central unit (CU) and the distributed unit (DU). This helps to improve network performance and efficiency while reducing interference and latency.</p> <p>For private 5G NR deployments, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/What-is-Citizens-Broadband-Radio-Service">Citizens Broadband Radio Service</a> provides a compelling option. 5G networks need compatible clients to truly take advantage of the new technology's promise, and more 5G client devices are being sold. 5G NR continues to develop in phases, just as 4G/LTE did. Not all 5G NR networks will have the same capabilities and capacities.</p> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/advancements_in_5g_new_radio-h.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/advancements_in_5g_new_radio-h_half_column_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/advancements_in_5g_new_radio-h_half_column_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/advancements_in_5g_new_radio-h.png 1280w" alt="A chart providing a list of the significant enhancements delivered with 5G NR" height="271" width="279"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>While 4G and 5G NR share some features such as HARQ, TDD and MIMO, 5G NR integrates more advanced technologies. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>5G NR brings in cellular technologies not found in 4G that deliver impressive benefits and outstanding reliability. Some of these advancements include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Flexible numerology.</b> This complex engineering concept enables dynamic adaptation of time slots and subcarrier spacing to achieve low latency for applications that need it, as well as coexistence between LTE and NR where required.</li> <li><b>Beamforming.</b> This technique involves aiming wireless signals in the direction of a device to extend the range of mmWave networks.</li> <li><b>Hybrid automatic repeat request. </b>HARQ works at the lowest network layers to adaptively optimize forward error correction and retransmit functions for lower <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/bit-error-rate-BER">bit</a> error rates.</li> <li><b>Time-division duplexing. </b>TDD is a technique in which <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/downlink-and-uplink">uplink and downlink</a> functions happen on the same frequency. In 5G NR, TDD has been retooled for speed and flexibility.</li> <li><b>Preemptive scheduling.</b> This advancement lets higher-priority data overwrite lower-priority data, which lowers latency.</li> <li><b>Inactive state.</b> This power-saving enhancement in 5G NR augments 4G's idle and connected states. At its simplest, the new inactive state reduces load on the control plane at scale, where many devices need to come out of sleep mode to transmit data.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="History of 5G NR"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>History of 5G NR</h2> <p>Similar to its predecessors, the 5G NR standard was created by 3GPP, a coalition of telecommunications organizations that create technical standards for wireless technology. While work on developing 5G NR started in 2016, the first iteration of the full set of 5G standards appeared in 2019 under 3GPP Release 15. Release 15 expanded the initial 5G specifications to include a new radio system that would be complemented by a next-generation core network ("standalone" 5G). This release also provided the basis to evolve 5G NR technology, improving 5G performance and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Top-5G-use-cases-for-business-include-fixed-wireless-healthcare">supporting new 5G use cases</a>.</p> <p>In 2018, several 3GPP working groups began to develop 5G NR Release 16. This new release contained even more features than Release 15, including multi-antenna transmission, remote interference management, MTC enhancements, non-orthogonal multiple access and narrowband IoT improvements. These advancements mostly addressed mobile broadband, although they apply to many other use cases, including industrial and machine-type scenarios like ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) and IIoT.</p> <p>The 3GPP completed 5G NR Release 17 in 2022 and Release 18 two years later. Release 17, which reached stage 3 functional freeze in March 2022, included the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Enhancements to multi-TRP (i.e., transmission reception point) and multi-beam operations.</li> <li>Coverage improvements to support diverse deployments in sub-7 GHz, mmWave and non-terrestrial networks.</li> <li>Power savings that extend the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/answer/What-smartphone-battery-tips-can-help-IT-improve-mobile-UX">battery life of mobile devices</a>.</li> <li>Spectrum expansion of the mmWave upper limit from 52.6 GHz to 71 GHz.</li> <li>Support for stringent applications like IIoT and URLLC.</li> </ul> <p>Release 17 also delivered reduced capability (<a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366622163/GSA-forms-5G-RedCap-interest-group">RedCap</a>), a 5G standard developed for IoT device mid-speed IoT use cases. RedCap devices support moderate data rates, are energy-efficient, have simplified features and have lower bandwidth requirements. With RedCap, 5G NR offers a balance between speed and performance for mid-tier IoT applications.</p> <p>5G NR Release 18, also known as <i>5G Advanced Release 18</i>, 3GPP continued to enhance the 5G system foundation. This release extends 5G's reach into many new use cases and devices. It supports IoT and MTC, and it includes key improvements to mobility, network slicing, and multicast and broadcast services. Other improvements include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Evolved <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/The-difference-between-half-duplex-and-full-duplex">duplexing</a>.</li> <li>Expanded sidelink.</li> <li>Expanded positioning.</li> <li>Support for green networking and devices.</li> <li>AI and machine learning data-driven designs.</li> <li>Advanced DL/UL MIMO.</li> </ul> <p><i>Wireless networking improves continuously. Learn more about the </i><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Understand-the-basics-of-5G-wireless-networks"><i>basics behind 5G</i></a>.</p> </section> 5G New Radio, or 5G NR, is a globally accepted standard that delivers more responsive mobile experiences for a wide range of applications over fifth-generation wireless (5G) networks. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/digdeeper/6.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/5G-New-Radio-NR Mon, 08 Dec 2025 13:15:00 GMT <p>6G (sixth-generation wireless) is the successor to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/5G">5G</a> cellular technology and is expected to be globally available by around 2030. <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/6G-networks-explained-everything-you-need-to-know">6G networks</a> will be able to use higher <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/radio-frequency">frequencies</a> than 5G networks and provide substantially higher capacity and much lower latency. One of the goals of the 6G internet is to support communications with one-microsecond latency. This is 1,000 times faster -- or 1/1000th the latency -- than one millisecond <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/throughput">throughput</a>.</p> <p>The 6G technology market is expected to facilitate significant improvements in areas such as imaging, presence technology and location awareness. Working in conjunction with technologies like AI, the 6G computational infrastructure will be able to automatically identify the optimal location for computing to occur, including decisions about data storage, processing and sharing. In this way, it has the potential to deliver extraordinary performance and create new possibilities across a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lightreading.com/6g/what-at-t-really-wants-from-6g" rel="noopener">wide range of applications</a> and industries.</p> <p>6G will be based on 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards. 3GPP is the same organization that creates and maintains the 5G and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/5G-New-Radio-NR">5G New Radio</a> (NR) standards for wireless communications. It is important to note that 6G is not yet a fully functioning technology. Although governments and the private sector are investing substantial effort and financial resources in researching and developing this next-generation wireless standard, industry specifications for 6G-enabled network products remain years away. Some telecommunications companies, such as Ericsson, expect that the earliest 6G will be available for commercial markets is in the early 2030s.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What are the advantages of 6G vs. 5G?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What are the advantages of 6G vs. 5G?</h2> <p>Like 5G, 6G is expected to use multiple <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/band">frequency bands</a> for wireless communications. Mainly, though, 6G networks will operate by using signals at the higher end of the radio spectrum. As of 2025, it is still too early to approximate 6G data rates.</p> <p>In 2021, LG demonstrated its ability to transmit and receive 6G data over 100 meters outdoors; during the same trial, LG also successfully demonstrated adaptive <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/beamforming">beamforming</a>. In 2022, researcher Mahyar Shirvanimoghaddam, associate professor at The University of Sydney, suggested that a theoretical peak data rate of 1 terabit per second (Tbps) might be possible for wireless data transfers on 6G. That estimate applies to data transmitted in short bursts across limited distances.</p> <p>In September 2025, scientists in the U.S. and China developed a small, full-spectrum 6G chip capable of transferring data at 100 gigabits per second (Gbps). Considering that the top-performing 5G networks in the U.S. offered <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ookla.com/research/reports/united-states-speedtest-connectivity-report-h1-2025" rel="noopener">5G download speeds</a> of around 300 megabits per second (Mbps), the possibility of 6G reaching 100 Gbps would make it around 10,000 times faster than 5G.</p> <p>One way to understand these differences is with a real-world example.</p> <p>Consider a high-definition movie file that is 3 GB. If downloading the movie over a 3G network takes two hours, it will take about 20 minutes over a 4G network. A <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Understand-the-basics-of-5G-wireless-networks">5G network</a> further speeds up downloads, with only two minutes needed to download the entire movie. Even so, 5G speeds are still a lot less than what might be possible with 6G. If a speed of 1 Tbps is achieved, downloading the movie could take a fraction of a second over a 6G network.</p> <p>The ultra-high levels of capacity and ultra-low latency offered by 6G will help to advance the technologies introduced in 5G and extend the performance of 5G applications. It will also expand the scope of capabilities to support new and innovative applications in wireless connectivity, cognition, sensing, imaging, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searcherp/definition/digital-twin">digital twinning</a>, autonomous vehicles and mixed reality. With 6G, access points will be able to serve multiple clients simultaneously using <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiple-access-OFDMA">orthogonal frequency-division multiple access</a>.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/telecom_5G_features.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/telecom_5G_features_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/telecom_5G_features_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/telecom_5G_features.jpg 1280w" alt="An illustration of a smartphone displaying " height="258" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>6G is expected to significantly enhance many of the key features of 5G networks. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>6G's higher frequencies will enable much faster sampling rates than with 5G. They will also provide significantly better throughput and higher data rates. The use of sub-millimeter waves -- wavelengths less than <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/millimeter-wave-MM-wave">1 millimeter</a> -- and frequency selectivity to determine relative electromagnetic absorption rates is expected to advance the development of <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366622918/ETSI-highlights-integrated-sensing-communication-6G-use-cases">wireless sensing technology</a>.</p> <p>Mobile <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/edge-computing">edge computing</a> will be built into all 6G networks, whereas it must be added to existing 5G networks. Edge and core computing will be more integrated as part of a combined communications and computation infrastructure framework by the time 6G networks are deployed. This approach will provide many potential advantages as 6G technology becomes operational. These benefits include improved access to AI capabilities, support for sophisticated mobile devices and systems, and additional value creation in many industries due to increased service differentiation and support for more enterprise applications and use cases. Additionally, <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366624934/Sweden-claims-worlds-first-6G-edge-connected-vehicle-test-facility">6G and edge computing</a> will facilitate more seamless connections between people, devices and the internet, redefining the meaning and application of wireless communications in the future.</p> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5HlmWddw6_0?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="When will 6G internet be available?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>When will 6G internet be available?</h2> <p>6G internet is expected to launch commercially around 2030. In March 2024, the 3GPP published a timeline for 6G development and deployment. According to this timeline, 6G technical performance requirements are expected to be defined by 2026. The actual specifications will be included in Release 21 by 2028. Each release reflects the 3GPP's ongoing development work for 5G and 6G. Work on Release 20, which contains dual-track frameworks for 5G-Advanced and early 6G, began in early 2025.</p> <p>While some early discussions have taken place to define the technology, 6G research and development (R&amp;D) activities started in earnest in 2020. A year earlier, in 2019, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) opened the frequency spectrum between 95 GHz and 3,000 GHz. This has contributed to the accelerated development of new wireless communication technologies, including 6G, for wide use in the U.S.</p> <p>Furthermore, new use cases for <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/5G-New-Radio-NR">5G New Radio</a> systems operating at bands beyond 52.6 GHz are emerging. This is likely to result in future wireless systems using the terahertz (THz) band, which has a lot of available bandwidth. The THz band could provide the means for achieving the Tbps-level data rates of 6G.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How will 6G work?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How will 6G work?</h2> <p>The exact working of 6G technology is not yet known. However, it is expected to make greater use of the distributed radio access network (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/radio-access-network-RAN">RAN</a>) and the THz spectrum to increase capacity, lower latency and improve spectrum sharing. It will selectively use different frequencies and adjust wavelengths to deliver high data transfer speeds and support a wide range of applications.</p> <p>6G will also use sophisticated methods to improve <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/spectrum-efficiency">spectral efficiency</a> and facilitate seamless duplex communications. Additionally, 6G networks are likely to be based on a mesh networking paradigm, which will help extend network coverage.</p> <p>6G will have significant implications for many government and industry approaches to public safety and critical asset protection, such as the following areas:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Threat detection.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/5G-in-healthcare-9-benefits-and-use-cases">Health monitoring</a>.</li> <li>Feature and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/facial-recognition">facial recognition</a>.</li> <li>Decision-making in areas like law enforcement and social credit systems.</li> <li>Air-quality measurements.</li> <li>Gas and toxicity sensing.</li> <li>Sensory interfaces.</li> </ul> <p>Improvements in these areas will also benefit smartphone and other mobile network technology, as well as emerging technologies, such as smart cities, autonomous vehicles, virtual reality (VR) and truly <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/Top-use-cases-for-5G-augmented-and-virtual-reality">immersive augmented reality</a> (AR).</p> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/whatis-6G_characteristics-h.png "> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/whatis-6G_characteristics-h_half_column_mobile.png " class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/whatis-6G_characteristics-h_half_column_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/whatis-6G_characteristics-h.png 1280w" alt="An infographic about 6G technology, featuring bullet points listing key features such as terabit speed, AI core networking and more. " height="440" width="279"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>6G will introduce capabilities such as terahertz signal transmission. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Do we even need 6G?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Do we even need 6G?</h2> <p>There are several reasons 6G technology is needed:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Technology convergence.</b> The sixth generation of cellular networks will integrate previously disparate technologies, such as deep learning and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchbusinessanalytics/definition/big-data-analytics">big data analytics</a>. The introduction of 5G has paved the way for much of this convergence, which 6G will further support and simplify.</li> <li><b>Edge computing. </b>The need to deploy edge computing to ensure overall throughput and low latency for ultra-reliable, low-latency communications solutions is a key driver of 6G.</li> <li><b>Internet of things.</b> Another driving force is the need to support machine-to-machine (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/machine-to-machine-M2M">M2M</a>) communication in <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT">IoT</a>.</li> <li><b>High-performance computing.</b> There is a strong relationship between 6G and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/high-performance-computing-HPC">HPC</a>. While edge computing resources will handle some of the IoT and mobile technology data, much of it will require more centralized HPC resources for processing.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Who is working on 6G technology?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Who is working on 6G technology?</h2> <p>Many countries and industry players are competing in the race to deploy 6G. Within the industry, test and measurement vendor Keysight Technologies has committed to its development, while major telecom infrastructure companies -- including Huawei, Nokia and Samsung -- have signaled that they are investing substantial resources into <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lightreading.com/6g/6g-is-forking-with-consequences-for-ericsson-huawei-and-nokia" rel="noopener">6G R&amp;D</a>.</p> <p>The major 6G projects underway worldwide include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>The University of Oulu in Finland</b> launched the 6Genesis research <a target="_blank" href="https://www.oulu.fi/6gflagship/" rel="noopener">project to develop a 6G vision</a> for 2030. The university has also signed a collaboration agreement with Japan's Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium to coordinate the work of the Finnish 6G Flagship research on 6G technologies.</li> <li><b>South Korea's Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute</b> is conducting research on the THz frequency band for 6G. It envisions data speeds 100 times faster than 4G Long-Term Evolution (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/Long-Term-Evolution-LTE">LTE</a>) networks and five times faster than 5G networks. Additionally, in 2023, the country's Science Ministry unveiled its $324.5 million R&amp;D plan for developing 6G technologies and standards.</li> <li><b>China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</b> is investing in and monitoring 6G R&amp;D in the country.</li> <li><b>The U.S. FCC </b>in 2020 opened up 6G frequency for spectrum testing for frequencies over 95 GHz to 3 THz.</li> <li><b>Major U.S. cellular service providers</b> such as AT&amp;T, Verizon and T-Mobile, along with tech giants such as Apple, Google, HP Enterprise and Intel have created the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lightreading.com/6g/next-g-alliance-offers-holistic-view-of-6g-in-north-america" rel="noopener">Next G Alliance</a>, a private-sector initiative to develop and commercialize 6G technology in North America and advance North American leadership in 6G innovation and realization.</li> <li><b>Hexa-X</b> is a European consortium of academic and industry leaders working to lay the technical foundation for the 6G era. It aims to promote openness and collaboration among researchers, standardization bodies and policymakers, and works on developing an open, modular and flexible framework to mitigate known 6G research challenges.</li> <li><b>Hexa-X-II </b>is the 6G flagship project of the European Smart Networks and Services Joint Undertaking. Where Hexa-X laid the foundation for 6G by clarifying 6G vision, defining basic concepts and describing key technology enablers, Hexa-X-II focuses on research into end-to-end system design that will be needed to deliver novel services on 6G networks. Hexa-X-II also aims to design a system blueprint for an inclusive and trustworthy 6G platform, addressing implementation aspects by defining various use cases, services and requirements.</li> <li><b>Osaka University in Japan and Australia's Adelaide University</b> researchers have developed a silicon-based microchip with a special <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/multiplexing">multiplex</a> to divide data and enable more efficient management of terahertz waves. During testing, researchers claimed the device transmitted data at 11 Gbps compared to 5G's theoretical limit of 10 Gbps of 5G.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Recent developments in 6G"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Recent developments in 6G</h2> <p>In December 2023, the International Telecommunications Union published its 6G framework, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/Pages/PR-2023-12-01-IMT-2030-for-6G-mobile-technologies.aspx" rel="noopener">IMT-2030</a>. This framework highlights the new capabilities that will be enabled by 6G, new usage scenarios based on current and future technology trends, and the potential impact of 6G on various industries.</p> <p>In December 2024, the 3GPP, following recommendations from certain companies in the telecom industry, decided that a channel bandwidth of 200 MHz should be considered for 6G. It also recommended a carrier frequency of 7 GHz for the use of 200 MHz channel bandwidths for 6G. Of course, the availability of this bandwidth remains a challenge, as higher bandwidths are typically used for non-commercial purposes, such as defense, raising the issue of how to make it available to enable the <i>democratization</i> of 6G.</p> <p>Private companies are particularly keen on developing and commercializing 6G as soon as possible. One example is South Korea-headquartered Samsung. In July 2020, Samsung released a <a target="_blank" href="https://news.samsung.com/global/samsungs-6g-white-paper-lays-out-the-companys-vision-for-the-next-generation-of-communications-technology" rel="noopener">white paper</a> titled <i>6G: The Next Hyper-Connected Experience for All </i>outlining the company’s vision for 6G and its initial expectation of the 6G timeline. Samsung expects the earliest commercialization of 6G to occur as soon as 2028, followed by massive commercialization around 2030. The white paper also describes other important issues in 6G development:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Megatrends like connected machines and openness of mobile communications.</li> <li>The chief requirements to realize the expected 6G services, including high data rates, air latency less than 100 microseconds, higher network coverage and higher device connection density.</li> <li>The technologies that will be essential to satisfy these requirements, including multiple input, multiple output (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/MIMO">MIMO</a>), metamaterial antennae, split computing and more flexible <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-topology">network topologies</a>.</li> </ul> <p>In 2024, China launched a 6G test satellite equipped with a THz system into <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/A-look-at-low-Earth-orbit-use-cases">low Earth orbit</a>. This was the world's first 6G satellite, and it uses high-frequency THz waves. The satellite, which will orbit at an altitude of around 310 miles, offers much higher data transfer rates and lower latency than higher-orbit satellites -- creating the possibility of delivering high-speed internet to remote areas. According to a 2023 white paper from the International Telecommunication Union, China aims to commercialize 6G technologies by 2030.</p> <p>The U.S is also scaling up R&amp;D into 6G development and deployment. In February 2024, the White House issued a joint statement with nine other governments to help guide international research into 6G. The statement envisions that 6G will be secure, open and resilient by design. The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) supports the development of 6G for U.S. consumers and innovators. It also works with other federal agencies -- including the FCC and the Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee -- to advance the country's 2023 National Spectrum Strategy and ensure U.S. leadership in the development of global 6G standards. The NTIA also promotes openness, interoperability, security and reliability of future 6G deployments.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Future scope of 6G networks"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Future scope of 6G networks</h2> <p>In the early 2010s, the phrase <i>Beyond 4G</i> (B4G) was coined to refer to the need to advance the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/A-deep-dive-into-the-differences-between-4G-and-5G-networks">evolution of 4G</a> beyond the LTE standard. It was unclear what 5G might entail, and only pre-standard, R&amp;D-level prototypes were in development at the time. The term B4G referred to what could be possible beyond 4G. Ironically, the LTE standard is still evolving, and 5G will use some aspects of it.</p> <p>Like B4G, Beyond 5G is seen as a path to 6G technologies that will replace fifth-generation capabilities and applications. 5G's many private wireless communications implementations involving LTE, 5G and edge computing for enterprise and industrial customers have helped lay the groundwork for 6G.</p> <p>Next-generation 6G wireless networks will take this one step further. They will create a web of communications providers -- many of them self-providers -- much in the way that photovoltaic <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/solar-power">solar power</a> has brought about cogeneration within the smart grid. 6G could advance mesh networks from concept to deployment, helping to extend coverage beyond the range of older cell towers.</p> <p>Data centers are already facing significant changes driven by 5G. These include <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/definition/virtualization">virtualization</a>, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/programmable-network-PN">programmable networks</a>, edge computing and issues surrounding simultaneous support of public and private networks. For example, some business customers may want to combine on-premises RAN with hybrid on-premises and hosted computing -- for edge and core computing, respectively – and with data center-hosted core network elements for private business networks or alternative service providers.</p> <p>6G networks will provide the communication and data gathering necessary to accumulate information. A systems approach is required for the 6G technology market that makes use of data analytics, AI and next-generation computation capabilities with HPC and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/quantum-computing">quantum computing</a>.</p> <p>In addition to profound changes within RAN technology, 6G will bring changes to the core communications network fabric as many new <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/technological-convergence">technologies converge</a>. Notably, AI will take center stage with 6G.</p> <p>6G is likely to bring several other changes:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Nano-core.</b> A so-called nano-core is expected to emerge as a common computing core that encompasses elements of HPC and AI. The nano-core does not need to be a physical network element. Instead, it could encompass a logical collection of computational resources shared by many networks and systems.</li> <li><b>Edge and core coordination</b>. 6G networks will create substantially more data than 5G networks, and computing will evolve to include coordination between edge and core platforms. In response to those changes, data centers will have to evolve.</li> <li><b>Data management.</b> 6G capabilities in sensing, imaging and location determination will generate vast amounts of data that must be managed on behalf of the network owners, service providers and data owners.</li> <li><b>Greater energy efficiency.</b> 6G developers will focus on ensuring that the underlying hardware can function in an <a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366634341/Nokia-Bell-Labs-KDDI-team-to-research-6G-energy-efficiency">energy-efficient manner</a> in the expanded frequency ranges where 6G will operate.</li> <li><b>Enhanced Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication</b>. The <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/What-are-eMBB-URLLC-and-mMTC-in-5G-Use-cases-explained">URLLC service</a>, made possible by 5G for applications requiring very high reliability and near-real-time responsiveness, will be further enhanced with the introduction of 6G. 6G will offer higher speeds, greater network penetration and more stable performance that will further support URLLC applications like autonomous vehicles and remote surgery.</li> </ul> <p>With these enhancements, 6G is expected to support use cases that are either not possible today or only to a limited extent with existing wireless technologies. These could include the following use cases:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Immersive VR and AR.</li> <li>Data-intensive and real-time <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/5G-and-AI-What-enterprises-need-to-know">AI workloads</a>.</li> <li>Distributed edge computing.</li> <li>Holographic communication.</li> <li>Digital twinning.</li> <li>Smart cities.</li> <li>Smart industrial automation.</li> <li>Collaborative robots.</li> <li>Synchronized distributed massive MIMO and extreme MIMO.</li> <li>Non-terrestrial networks.</li> <li>M2M communications.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Challenges to the full realization of 6G"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Challenges to the full realization of 6G</h2> <p>6G will require the development of highly advanced mobile communications technologies, such as cognitive and highly secure data networks. It will also require the expansion of spectral bandwidth that is orders of magnitude faster than 5G. Samsung has described the need for <i>communications and computing convergence </i>-- the idea that the communication network should be designed to best use the computation power made available by the entities on that network.</p> <p>Additionally, trustworthiness will be an important consideration for 6G. Networks should be designed using a secure-by-design approach to reduce the size of the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/attack-surface">attack surface</a>. Additionally, a hardware-based secure environment and strong data protection mechanisms will be essential to safeguard data and ensure user privacy.</p> <p>Many of the problems associated with deploying millimeter-wave radio for 5G must be resolved in time for network designers to address the challenges of 6G. These 5G challenges include coverage limitations, such as the need for a line-of-sight path between transmitters and receivers, high path loss, complexities associated with small cell deployment, spectrum sharing for seamless and interference-free mobile communications, and cost-prohibitive infrastructure investments.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What is a 7G network and why is it needed?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What is a 7G network and why is it needed?</h2> <p>6G networks are attempting to extend fast <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Gigabit-Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> connectivity to commercial and consumer devices. 6G is expected to provide substantially higher throughput and data flow. As envisioned, 6G will enable the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>A theoretical data rate of about 11 Gbps simultaneously across multiple gigahertz (GHz) channels.</li> <li>Up to three 160 MHz bandwidth channels.</li> <li>Multiplex up to eight spatial streams.</li> </ul> <p>In 2020, the FCC was the first regulatory body to greenlight the 6 GHz spectrum to help foster innovation of 6G devices.</p> <p>Although 6G networks are not expected to be operational until at least 2032, research has already begun on the 6G successor: seventh-generation (7G) wireless technologies. The <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/IEEE-Institute-of-Electrical-and-Electronics-Engineers">IEEE</a>, through its Extremely High Throughput working group, is developing the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Wi-Fi-7">802.11be specification</a> for 7G and an industry certification in conjunction with the Wi-Fi Alliance. The project’s goal is to enable wireless communications with extremely high throughput while reducing worst-case latency. The standard also aims to ensure that 7G will be backward compatible with legacy devices operating in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands.</p> <p>Compared to 6G, 7G is designed to do the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Deliver data up to 46 Gbps -- more than four times the rate of 6G projection.</li> <li>Double the size of the channel to 320 MHz.</li> <li>Afford 16 spatial streams, compared to eight in 6G.</li> </ul> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/6g_vs_7g_expectations-h.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/6g_vs_7g_expectations-h_half_column_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/6g_vs_7g_expectations-h_half_column_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/6g_vs_7g_expectations-h.png 1280w" alt="Table comparing 6G and 7G expectations for data rates, bandwidth channels and spatial streams." height="244" width="279"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Early work on 7G technology projects has made great advances in speed, bandwidth and spatial streams compared to 6G. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>7G technology will represent a quantum leap in bandwidth to support ultra-dense workloads. For example, 7G has the potential to enable continuous global wireless connectivity via integration in <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/An-introduction-to-satellite-network-architecture">satellite networks</a> for Earth imaging, telecom and navigation. Enterprises could implement 7G to automate manufacturing processes and support applications that require high availability, predictable latency or guaranteed quality of service.</p> <p>6GE -- the "E" stands for <i>extension</i> -- is an interim step between 6G and 7G that will use a newly licensed 6 GHz channel that extends the available frequencies used to transmit 6G signals.</p> <p><i>Learn about the state of wireless networking today with our </i><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/Enterprise-5G-Guide-to-planning-architecture-and-benefits"><i>guide to 5G technology and planning</i></a><i> and </i><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/5-Predictions-about-5G-Adoption-in-2021-and-Beyond"><i>predictions related to 5G adoption</i></a><i>.</i></p> </section> 6G (sixth-generation wireless) is the successor to 5G cellular technology and is expected to be globally available by around 2030. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/digdeeper/6.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/6G Fri, 21 Nov 2025 13:30:00 GMT <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What is a phase-locked loop (PLL)?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What is a phase-locked loop (PLL)?</h2> <p>A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a voltage or voltage-driven oscillator that constantly adjusts to match the frequency of an input signal. PLLs are used to generate, stabilize, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/modulation">modulate</a>, demodulate, filter or recover a signal from a "noisy" communications channel where data has been interrupted.</p> <p>PLLs are widely used in <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wireless-router">wireless</a> or radio frequency (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/radio-frequency">RF</a>) applications, including Wi-Fi routers, broadcast radios, walkie-talkie radios, televisions and mobile phones.</p> <p>At its simplest, a phase-locked loop is a closed-loop feedback control circuit that's both frequency- and phase-sensitive. A PLL is not a single component, but a system that consists of both analog and digital components -- interconnected in a "<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitchannel/definition/feedback-loop">negative feedback</a>" configuration. Consider it analogous to an elaborate operational amp (op amp)-based <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/amplifier">amplifier</a> circuit.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What is a phase-locked loop used for?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What is a phase-locked loop used for?</h2> <p>The main goal of a PLL is to synchronize the output <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/oscillator">oscillator</a> Signal with a reference signal. Even if the two signals have the same frequency, their peaks and troughs may not occur in the same place. Simply put, they do not reach the same point on the waveform at the same time.</p> <p>Known as the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/phase">phase</a> difference<em>, </em>this is measured as the angle between the signals. For signals with varying frequencies, the phase difference between them will always vary, which means that one signal will lag or lead the other by a varying amount.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_difference_illustrated-f.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_difference_illustrated-f_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_difference_illustrated-f_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_difference_illustrated-f.png 1280w" alt="Phase difference illustrated" height="510" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>During a phase difference, the leading phase refers to a wave occurring 'ahead' of a different wave of the same frequency, while the lagging phase indicates waves occurring 'behind' another of the same frequency. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>A PLL reduces phase errors between output and input frequencies. When the phase difference between these signals is zero, the system is said to be "locked." And this locking action depends on the PLL's ability to provide negative feedback -- i.e., route the output signal back to the phase detector.</p> <p>In addition to synchronizing the output and input frequencies, a PLL also helps establish the input-output phase relationship to generate the appropriate control voltage. Therefore, it helps achieve <em>both</em> frequency and phase lock in a circuit.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Key components of a phase-locked loop"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Key components of a phase-locked loop</h2> <p>A PLL consists of three key components:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><strong>Phase detector</strong> (also known as a phase comparator or mixer). It compares the phases of two signals, and generates a voltage according to the phase difference. It multiplies the reference input and the voltage-controlled oscillator output.</li> <li><strong>Voltage-controlled oscillator</strong>. Generates a sinusoidal signal, whose frequency closely matches the center frequency provided by the low-pass filter.</li> <li><strong>Low-pass filter</strong>. A kind of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/loop-filter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">loop filter</a> that attenuates the high-frequency alternating current (AC) component of the input signal to smoothen and flatten the signal to make it more DC-like.</li> </ul> <p>Here, the phase detector functions as an <em>analog </em><a href="https://resources.pcb.cadence.com/blog/2019-analog-multipliers-and-rf-modulators-introduction-and-applications" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>multiplier</em></a>, the voltage-controlled oscillator as a <a href="https://www.analog.com/en/products/amplifiers/rf-amplifiers/gain-blocks.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>gain</em></a><em> block,</em> and the low-pass filter as a <a href="https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/powersys/ref/leadlagfilter.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>lag</em></a><em> block</em>.</p> <p>Together, the phase-locked loop, voltage-controlled oscillator, <a href="https://www.apitech.com/products/ima-subsystems/oscillator-ima/master-reference-oscillators-mro/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reference</a> oscillator and <a href="https://www.eeeguide.com/phase-comparator-circuit/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">phase comparator</a> comprise a <em>frequency synthesizer</em> -- an electronic system that produces a range of frequencies from a single fixed oscillator. Wireless equipment that use this type of frequency control are said to be frequency-synthesized.</p> <p>Other frequency-synthesized devices include:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>mobile phones</li> <li>satellite receivers</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/Global-Positioning-System">GPS</a> systems</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How a phase-locked loop works"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How a phase-locked loop works</h2> <p>The underlying mechanism of a PLL operates based on the phase difference between two signals. It detects this difference, and provides a feedback mechanism to modify the voltage-controlled oscillator frequency.</p> <p>The PLL compares the voltage-controlled oscillator signal with the input/reference signal. Because the PLL is both frequency- and phase-sensitive, it can detect both frequency and phase differences between the two signals.</p> <p>It generates an error signal that corresponds to the phase difference between the signals. This difference is passed on to the low-pass filter that removes any high-frequency elements, and filters the error signal into a varying direct current (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/DC-direct-current">DC</a>) level. This "feedback signal" is then applied back to the voltage-controlled oscillator to control its frequency.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_locked_loop_at_its_most_basic-f.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_locked_loop_at_its_most_basic-f_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_locked_loop_at_its_most_basic-f_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-phase_locked_loop_at_its_most_basic-f.png 1280w" alt="Diagram of a phase-locked loop" height="215" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>A simplified look at how a phase-locked loop works constantly to adjust voltage to match input signal frequency. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>To start, this loop will be out of lock. The error signal will pull the voltage-controlled oscillator frequency toward the reference frequency, and continue to do so until it cannot reduce the error any further. At one point, however, the phase difference between the two signals will become zero (i.e., they will both be on exactly the same frequency).</p> <p>This is when the loop is said to be locked, and a steady-state error voltage is produced.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Common phase-locked loop applications"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i><span>Common phase-locked loop applications</span></h2> <p>PLLs are used in dozens of applications; among them are:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>telecommunications systems</li> <li>computers</li> <li>radio</li> <li>other electronic systems</li> </ul> <p>Phase-locked loops are frequently used in <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wireless">wireless</a> communication, primarily for Frequency Modulation (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/modulation">FM</a>) transmissions, where they enable high-quality audio to be demodulated from an FM signal. They are also employed for Phase Modulation (PM) transmissions.</p> <figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-apf_modulation-f.png"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-apf_modulation-f_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-apf_modulation-f_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/networking-apf_modulation-f.png 1280w" alt="Three kinds of wave modulation: phase, frequency and amplitude" height="510" width="560"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>The three types of wave modulation, which is the conversion of data into radio waves by adding information to a signal. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>Indirect frequency synthesizers are another important application of PLL. Two other key PLL applications are:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><strong>Timing distribution.</strong> To distribute precisely timed clock pulses in digital logic circuits (e.g., in microprocessor systems).</li> <li><strong>Signal recovery.</strong> To provide a "clean" signal and remember the frequency in case of interruptions (e.g., when using pulsed transmissions).</li> </ul> <p><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/digital">Digital</a> data transmissions uses phase-locked loops more commonly than analog transmissions. They are also more commonly manufactured as integrated circuits, although discrete <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/circuit">circuits</a> are used for <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/microwave">microwave</a> signal processing.</p> </section> A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a voltage or voltage-driven oscillator that constantly adjusts to match the frequency of an input signal. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/digdeeper/2.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/phase-locked-loop Fri, 21 Nov 2025 13:19:00 GMT <p>The security and observability markets recently saw a significant development with the announcement of Palo Alto Networks' <a target="_blank" href="https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/press/2025/palo-alto-networks-to-acquire-chronosphere--next-gen-observability-leader--for-the-ai-era" rel="noopener">acquisition</a> of cloud-native observability company Chronosphere for $3.35 billion. This move is far more than a simple bolt-on. It signals a fundamental shift in how security is delivered and how cloud environments will be managed in the age of AI.</p> <p>The strategic rationale behind this deal is clear: Palo Alto Networks seeks to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/tip/Prioritize-security-from-the-edge-to-the-cloud">secure the cloud</a>, while also enabling it to self-heal by actively driving the convergence of observability, security and automated remediation.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="The observability foundation"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>The observability foundation</h2> <p>The core of the acquisition lies squarely in Chronosphere's technical foundation. The company was born out of the need to monitor technology from Uber, one of the world's largest and most complex distributed application topologies. Engineers built the open source M3 distributed time-series database for <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchapparchitecture/tip/5-application-performance-metrics-all-dev-teams-should-track">monitoring and metrics</a>. This foundation became the groundwork for Chronosphere to build its commercial offering around the principles of achieving ultimate scalability and cost control for cloud-native environments.</p> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/twc04Op2sCg?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <p>Chronosphere's acquisition of Calyptia positioned it to integrate the technology to develop a highly flexible data pipeline. This enables users to intelligently manage metrics, logs and traces, facilitating sophisticated preprocessing and data shaping. This capability is a key differentiator because it prevents customers from having to pay to store every piece of raw telemetry.</p> <p>Instead, customers can filter and optimize data before ingestion, eliminating the typical economic friction of <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/tip/MELT-away-your-cloud-observability-troubles-with-open-source">cloud-native observability</a>. This pipeline provides the context and normalized data streams required for effective AI-driven operations. AI requires clean, comprehensive data to function reliably.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Unifying the SOC and NOC"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Unifying the SOC and NOC</h2> <p>For Palo Alto Networks, this acquisition significantly rounds out its <i>platformization</i> vision. The deal indicates that Palo Alto Networks' platform aspirations are significantly larger than previously assumed, going beyond simply targeting security operations. The company now seeks to own the fundamental data context used by IT operations and security teams alike, resulting in the unification of the security operations center and the network operations center.</p> <p>By incorporating operational and observability data alongside traditional cyber-related context, <a name="_Hlk214611387"></a>Palo Alto Networks addresses the gap between runtime bugs, outages and security vulnerabilities. The data used to debug a latency spike is now the same data that can detect a sophisticated threat. <a name="_Hlk214611099"></a>Palo Alto Networks is focusing on integrating the underlying data layer for both IT and security. This strategy extends the capabilities of its Prisma Cloud and Cortex portfolios.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="AgentiX and the path to autonomous remediation"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>AgentiX and the path to autonomous remediation</h2> <p>Palo Alto Networks' end goal is autonomous security and IT operations. This is where Chronosphere's data capabilities directly fuel these AI ambitions, specifically through the Cortex AgentiX framework. The goal is to move beyond simple issue detection to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Incident-response-automation-What-it-is-and-how-it-works">autonomous remediation</a><b> </b>for security and IT-related issues. <a name="_Hlk214611603"></a>Chronosphere's AI-guided troubleshooting capabilities, based on its data foundation, align with AgentiX's need to close the remediation loop reliably.</p> <p>This combination creates the potential for agentic workflows and a self-healing infrastructure. An AI agent can use Chronosphere's real-time state data to flag a misconfiguration or bug, and then safely verify and apply the fix. The goal is to deliver predictive analytics and security that initiates the repair process before a full outage or breach occurs.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="A strategic alignment in the AI era"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>A strategic alignment in the AI era</h2> <p><a name="_Hlk214612083"></a>The timing of this acquisition coincides with the wave of AI-driven security and the critical industry need for normalized data. Customers often struggle with the fragmentation and silos that prevent true actionability.</p> <p><a name="_Hlk214612280"></a>With its acquisition of Chronosphere, Palo Alto Networks has secured a data pipeline capable of fueling its massive AI strategy. This move aims to consolidate its platform offering and deliver the long-promised goal of automated risk reduction and self-healing infrastructure. <a name="_Hlk214612444"></a>This acquisition could mark a significant milestone in the ongoing competition among major vendors, likely prompting others to fundamentally <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/opinion/Turning-data-into-a-strategic-advantage">rethink their data strategy</a>.</p> <p><i>Tyler Shields is a principal analyst at Omdia. He has more than 25 years of experience in cybersecurity technologies and markets, with emphasis on vulnerability management, risk analysis, threat identification and offensive security technologies.</i></p> <p><i>Torsten Volk is principal analyst at Omdia covering application modernization, cloud-native applications, DevOps, hybrid cloud and observability.&nbsp;</i></p> <p><i>Omdia is a division of&nbsp;Informa TechTarget.&nbsp;Its analysts have business relationships with technology vendors.</i></p> </section> Palo Alto Networks acquired observability platform Chronosphere for $3.35 billion. The deal aims to enable AI-driven autonomous operations and create self-healing infrastructure. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/collab_a235437333.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/opinion/Breaking-down-Palo-Alto-Networks-335B-Chronosphere-deal Fri, 21 Nov 2025 11:15:00 GMT <p>Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/reference/IEEE-802-Wireless-Standards-Fast-Reference">IEEE 802.1 standards</a> that transform traditional <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Ethernet">Ethernet</a> into a deterministic, real-time communication platform. Standard Ethernet operates as a best-effort network, prioritizing reliability but without guarantees of when data packets will arrive. While this is acceptable for everyday IT uses such as web browsing or email, it falls short for mission-critical systems where even a microsecond of delay or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchunifiedcommunications/definition/jitter">jitter</a> can cause failures.</p> <p>TSN addresses this gap by providing guaranteed low <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/latency">latency</a>, high reliability and precise synchronization, making it valuable for industries such as industrial automation, automotive systems, energy grids, aerospace and professional audio and video.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How does time-sensitive networking work?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How does time-sensitive networking work?</h2> <p>Time-sensitive networking works by extending standard Ethernet with rules and mechanisms that guarantee data packets are delivered predictably and on time. Each IEEE 802.1 standard addresses a specific aspect of real-time communication, and together they enable deterministic networking.</p> <p>At its core, TSN is built on the following key features and principles:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Time synchronization.</b> All devices on a TSN network, including <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/switch">network switches</a> and endpoints, are synchronized to a single, shared clock using the IEEE 802.1AS protocol. This ensures every device has a common understanding of time, which is the foundational element for scheduling and coordinating the flow of data.</li> <li><b>Traffic shaping and scheduling.</b> Instead of letting all network traffic compete equally, TSN divides communication into precise time slots. Critical data flows are assigned reserved slots, guaranteeing that they can be transmitted exactly when needed without interference from less important traffic. This mechanism ensures predictable delivery, like traffic lights that stop regular cars so an ambulance can pass through without delay.</li> <li><b>Frame preemption.</b> TSN uses a technique called frame preemption, which enables high-priority data frames to interrupt the transmission of lower-priority frames mid-stream. This mechanism reduces latency for time-critical traffic by ensuring that urgent packets are not delayed behind bulk or non-essential data. When a high-priority frame arrives, the ongoing lower-priority transmission is temporarily paused, letting the critical data pass through immediately. Once the priority frame is sent, the interrupted frame resumes from where it left off.</li> <li><b>Fault tolerance and redundancy.</b> TSN uses frame replication and elimination to ensure reliability in mission-critical applications. In this approach, a device sends duplicate copies of a critical data packet across separate network paths. The receiving device processes the first packet that arrives and discards the duplicate, preventing a <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/Single-point-of-failure-SPOF">single-point of failure</a>, such as a severed cable, from disrupting time-sensitive communication.</li> <li><b>Centralized and distributed control. </b>TSN networks can be managed either through a centralized controller or by distributing control functions across the devices themselves. In a centralized model, a controller oversees the allocation of resources such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/bandwidth">bandwidth</a> and time slots, ensuring the entire network is coordinated to meet strict real-time requirements. In the distributed approach, devices negotiate and manage these resources locally, offering greater flexibility and scalability. Both methods guarantee critical traffic always receives the resources it needs without disruption.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Why does low latency and high reliability matter?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Why does low latency and high reliability matter?</h2> <p>Low latency and high reliability are important because many modern systems rely on fast, predictable, and uninterrupted communication to operate safely and effectively.</p> <h3>Why low latency matters</h3> <p>Low latency, typically measured in milliseconds, is important for applications that require immediate feedback, where even a slight delay can have serious consequences. It is important for several key reasons, including the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Real-time control. </b>In autonomous vehicles or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/driverless-car">self-driving cars</a>, a few milliseconds of delay in a sensor's data could mean the difference between a successful braking maneuver and a collision. The same applies to industrial automation and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/robotics">robotics</a>, where machines must react instantly to changes in their environment to avoid malfunctions or hazards.</li> <li><b>Financial trading.</b> In high-frequency trading, algorithms execute trades in microseconds, and any delay can mean missing out on opportunities. Low latency directly affects competitiveness, as organizations with faster execution gain an edge in volatile markets.</li> <li><b>Tactile feedback.</b> Remote surgery and robotic operations require near-instantaneous feedback to enable a surgeon to feel and control instruments thousands of miles away, making latency a matter of patient safety.</li> <li><b>User experience.</b> In cloud gaming, augmented reality (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/augmented-reality-AR">AR</a>) and virtual reality (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/virtual-reality">VR</a>), even slight latency can cause lag, motion sickness or disorientation, breaking user immersion and causing frustration. Therefore, low latency is essential for making these experiences seamless and natural for users.</li> <li><b>Streaming and conferencing.</b> In live streaming, online classes and video conferencing, low latency ensures audio and video remain synchronized, reducing awkward pauses and buffering delays. It enables participants to interact smoothly in real time, preventing people from talking over one another and maintaining the flow of discussion. Low latency also improves the overall user experience, making virtual communication feel more natural and engaging.</li> </ul> <h3>Why high reliability matters</h3> <p>High reliability is essential for systems where connectivity must be maintained, as it ensures a stable connection that does not fail unexpectedly. It's important for several key reasons, including the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Critical and emergency services.</b> High reliability is essential in emergency services and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/critical-infrastructure">critical infrastructure</a>. For instance, first responders depend on reliable communication to share information during emergencies without the risk of dropped connections. Similarly, in a smart grid, high reliability ensures stable power distribution and uninterrupted remote control, helping to prevent blackouts.</li> <li><b>Industrial automation. </b>In factories, the consistent reliability of a network ensures that robots and machinery can communicate without interruption, preventing system failures and costly downtime.</li> <li><b>Financial transactions. </b>A reliable network guarantees that financial transactions are completed correctly and without interruption, maintaining trust in the banking system.</li> <li><b>User trust and experience.</b> For video conferencing, streaming, or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT">internet of things</a> devices, high reliability ensures consistent performance. Without it, users face disruptions and a decline in confidence in technology.</li> </ul> <p>For <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/Real-world-GenAI-applications-across-leading-industries">next-generation applications</a>, having one without the other is insufficient. For example, a low-latency connection that drops frequently is unusable, while a highly reliable connection that introduces delays cannot support real-time operations.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Challenges of implementing time-sensitive networking via 5G"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Challenges of implementing time-sensitive networking via 5G</h2> <p>While 5G offers low latency and high <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/throughput">throughput</a>, integrating it with TSN introduces several architectural and operational challenges, including the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Time synchronization accuracy.</b> TSN requires precise time synchronization across devices, often down to the microsecond level. While 5G offers support for time synchronization through features such as precision time protocol and global navigation satellite system-based sync, maintaining this level of accuracy across heterogeneous networks and varying radio conditions remains a challenge.</li> <li><b>Latency guarantees in wireless environments.</b> 5G can theoretically deliver ultra-low latency, sometimes as low as 1 millisecond, but in practice, latency is affected by network congestion, interference and signal quality. Ensuring deterministic latency, as required by TSN, is therefore more challenging over a wireless medium than it is in wired Ethernet networks.</li> <li><b>Interoperability between TSN and 5G standards.</b> TSN standards were originally designed for Ethernet-based wired networks. Translating TSN features such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/traffic-shaping">traffic shaping</a>, frame preemption, and time-aware scheduling into the 5G core and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/radio-access-network-RAN">radio access network</a> architecture is a complex process that is still evolving.</li> <li><b>Reliability.</b> TSN demands extremely high reliability, often five nines -- 99.999% -- or higher. However, wireless links are inherently less predictable due to factors such as fading, interference and mobility. Achieving this level of reliability in real-world 5G deployments requires strategies such as redundant communication paths, strong error correction and careful spectrum management.</li> <li><b>Deployment cost and infrastructure readiness.</b> Deploying TSN over 5G requires an initial investment, often involving upgrades or replacements of existing industrial networks, the integration of 5G-compatible hardware, and the configuration of TSN-compliant software. These factors contribute to considerable deployment costs. Since many industrial environments still rely on wired TSN, the shift to a fully wireless setup is both costly and gradual.</li> <li><b>Security concerns.</b> TSN often supports mission-critical systems, but introducing 5G can add new attack surfaces, such as slice misconfigurations, spoofing or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/GPS-jamming">GPS jamming</a>, which must be mitigated to maintain end-to-end security.</li> <li><b>Scalability and resource allocation.</b> As the number of TSN-enabled devices continues to grow in industrial and enterprise environments, managing the allocation of limited 5G spectrum and network resources becomes challenging. Ensuring that time-sensitive traffic maintains priority without degrading performance for other applications requires effective scheduling, orchestration and ongoing optimization.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How can 5G help deliver time-sensitive networking?"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How can 5G help deliver time-sensitive networking?</h2> <p>5G helps deliver TSN by providing the wireless capabilities needed to extend TSN's deterministic performance beyond the confines of a wired network. The following highlights how 5G helps deliver TSN:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Bounded latency and deterministic scheduling.</b> 5G introduces ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), which supports latency as low as 1 ms with reliability up to 99.9999%. This is essential for TSN, which requires guaranteed delivery times and minimal jitter. 5G networks can prioritize TSN traffic using time-aware scheduling and map it to quality of service (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchunifiedcommunications/definition/QoS-Quality-of-Service">QoS</a>) flows that preserve timing constraints. This capability is vital in AI-driven environments such as autonomous vehicles, industrial robotics and edge inference systems, where real-time synchronization is non-negotiable. By combining 5G's URLLC with TSN's deterministic delivery, AI models can act on sensor data within milliseconds, ensuring both speed and predictability.</li> <li><b>Seamless integration with TSN domains.</b> 5G functions as a TSN bridge, linking wireless segments with wired TSN networks. Within its system architecture, it supports essential TSN features, including traffic shaping, frame preemption and per-stream filtering. This enables industrial controllers, sensors and actuators to communicate across a unified, time-sensitive network, independent of whether the connection is wired or wireless.</li> <li><b>Network slicing.</b> 5G's network slicing capability enables a single physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks, each optimized for a specific service. For example, an organization can create a dedicated network slice with URLLC characteristics to prioritize and guarantee the performance of its TSN traffic, keeping it separate from best-effort consumer traffic.</li> <li><b>TSN translators.</b> To enable seamless integration of 5G into existing wired TSN networks, the 3^rd Generation Partnership Project (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/3rd-Generation-Partnership-Project-3GPP">3GPP</a>) has defined TSN translator functions. Implemented within the 5G system at both the device and network sides, these functions act as a virtual bridge, translating data and control information between the 5G and Ethernet domains. This enables a TSN-capable device to move wirelessly within the factory while remaining part of the deterministic TSN network, essential for AI-guided logistics bots.</li> <li><b>Flexible architecture for industrial use cases.</b> 5G and TSN integration enables diverse communication models, such as controller-to-controller, controller-to-device and device-to-compute, across hybrid networks. This flexibility supports scalable deployments in smart factories, energy systems and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/definition/real-time-analytics">real-time analytics</a> platforms.</li> </ul> <div class="youtube-iframe-container"> <iframe id="ytplayer-0" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/watch?v=Boa8srjKzCI?autoplay=0&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;rel=0&amp;widget_referrer=null&amp;enablejsapi=1&amp;origin=https://www.techtarget.com" type="text/html" height="360" width="640" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Future of TSN and 5G technology"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Future of TSN and 5G technology</h2> <p>The future of TSN and 5G technology is converging toward an era of deterministic, wireless communication, especially in industrial automation, autonomous systems and AI-driven infrastructure. According to a recent <a target="_blank" href="https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/time-sensitive-networking-tsn-market" rel="noopener">report</a>, the TSN market is projected to grow from $456.3 million in 2025 to $1,845.8 million by 2035.</p> <p>Key developments to watch include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b>Seamless interoperability.</b> The current challenge in most networks is bridging the gap between Layer 2 time-sensitive networking, which uses Ethernet and Layer 3 5G, which operates over the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/IP-address-Internet-Protocol-Address">Internet Protocol</a>. Future standards will improve the efficiency and transparency of this process, ensuring that time synchronization and traffic prioritization information are not lost when data moves from the wired to the wireless domain.</li> <li><b>Full integration in smart manufacturing.</b> TSN and 5G are expected to become foundational in <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searcherp/definition/Industry-40">Industry 4.0</a> environments. As factories adopt AI, AR and autonomous guided vehicles, the need for seamless, real-time communication between machines and systems will intensify. TSN ensures precise timing and reliability, while 5G extends this capability wirelessly across large and dynamic environments.</li> <li><b>Edge native intelligence.</b> Combining TSN with multi-access edge computing will bring AI and machine learning closer to the devices generating data. This enables real-time optimization of traffic flows, predictive maintenance in factories and adaptive scheduling that reacts instantly to network conditions.</li> <li><b>Microsecond-level latency in 6G</b>. While 5G delivers millisecond-level latency, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/6G">6G</a> is expected to push boundaries further, targeting microsecond-level responsiveness. This will expand the scope of TSN-enabled applications, supporting ultra-realistic AR/VR, remote surgery with near-zero delay and next-generation robotics.</li> <li><b>Autonomous orchestration</b>. AI-driven orchestration will automate the management of TSN traffic classes, QoS enforcement and synchronization across complex networks. This will reduce the need for manual configuration while ensuring that time-sensitive applications consistently meet their performance requirements.</li> <li><b>Evolving standards and interoperability.</b> 3GPP Releases 16 and 17 have laid the groundwork for TSN support in 5G, but future releases will refine synchronization protocols, QoS mapping and redundancy mechanisms. This will improve interoperability across vendors and enable broader deployment in hybrid wired-wireless networks.</li> <li><b>Sustainable automation.</b> By reducing cabling, improving energy efficiency and enabling flexible deployment, TSN over 5G supports more sustainable industrial designs. These automation systems can self-monitor, adapt and optimize resource use in real time, aligning with both operational efficiency and environmental goals.</li> </ul> <p><i>Discover the </i><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/What-are-the-features-and-benefits-of-5G-technology-for-businesses"><i>key features and business benefits of 5G</i></a><i>, including faster speeds, increased bandwidth, fixed wireless access and new market opportunities.</i></p> <p><b></b></p> </section> Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is a set of IEEE 802.1 standards that transform traditional Ethernet into a deterministic, real-time communication platform. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/digdeeper/2.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/What-is-time-sensitive-networking-TSN-vs-5G Tue, 18 Nov 2025 16:21:00 GMT <p>The first phase of the 5G revolution has pretty much ended. 5G radio access networks are everywhere, and well over half of cellphones are 5G-enabled, with the percentage rising rapidly as consumers replace old phones.</p> <p>The second phase of the 5G revolution, now underway, focuses on the shift to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/5G-standalone-5G-SA">5G standalone</a>, which replaces the 4G core. In this phase, service providers are expected to develop and deploy 5G applications and services to support 5G use cases, including <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/network-slicing">network slicing</a> for virtual private 5G networks, ultradense IoT deployments and ultralow-latency responsiveness for real-time services.</p> <p>All this change creates an evolving 5G job market. Service providers, systems integrators and enterprises are expanding their search for network architects, engineers, developers and program managers to advance their 5G ambitions. Some 5G jobs may focus on the following areas:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Service development and management for network operators.</li> <li>Designing and maintaining infrastructure for service providers or enterprises.</li> <li>Application development for both provider- and customer-facing software.</li> <li>Design and management of enterprise services.</li> </ul> <p>Here are the top five things employers are looking for in terms of 5G skill sets for new hires.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="1. 5G technology skills and aspirations"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>1. 5G technology skills and aspirations</h2> <p>The 5G technology stack is different from 4G or earlier stacks in several crucial ways. Network operators, consulting and integration companies, and enterprises interested in building their own networks are looking for professionals with knowledge or experience in the following areas:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>5G radio access network (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/radio-access-network-RAN">RAN</a>) and Open RAN.</li> <li>5G-XHaul, the interconnection networks <a target="_blank" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8722598" rel="noopener">tying 5G edges to 5G cores</a>.</li> <li>5G core platforms.</li> <li>Applications and services, like network slicing, layered on the core.</li> </ul> <p>Many job postings seek new hires with multiple years of experience -- an unrealistically large demand given the rarity of the experience in the labor supply.</p> <p>Applicants with any level of familiarity -- who are also adept at learning quickly -- should consider applying for positions where in-depth 5G technical expertise is the only thing they are lacking. They should clearly communicate the experience they have and explicitly discuss the ramp-up time needed for skills development should they be hired.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="2. Network architecture, engineering and integration"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>2. Network architecture, engineering and integration</h2> <p>Close behind the desire for 5G-specific expertise, employers are looking for broader experience in systems architecture and engineering. Mirroring 5G's modern architectural features, the desired skills include cloud-native design, deployment of distributed systems using both core and edge computing, containerization, virtualization and high availability based on microservices. Skills that support these areas include experience with cloud management platforms, container orchestration platforms and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/definition/Infrastructure-as-Code-IAC">infrastructure-as-code</a> deployment systems.</p> <p>Employers also want applicants with experience in and knowledge of network architecture, design and engineering, especially with software-defined networking (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/software-defined-networking-SDN">SDN</a>), network functions virtualization and other mobile networks, such as 4G LTE.</p> <p>Systems integration, especially integration among cloud network services, is increasingly in demand as operators and enterprises start to integrate 5G products with other core platforms and tie together 5G options from multiple providers.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="3. Network security and network applications"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>3. Network security and network applications</h2> <p>Sometimes cloaked in generic "best practices" language, security awareness, experience and expertise are in demand. If the job is for 5G architecture, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/5G-security-Everything-you-should-know-for-a-secure-network">secure architectural principles</a> are required. If the job is for 5G deployment, experience with secure deployment methodologies is needed. And, if the job is 5G application development, experience in a <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Top-4-best-practices-to-secure-the-SDLC">secure software development lifecycle</a> environment is prioritized.</p> <p>It is more important and more difficult than ever to protect the critical components of 5G network infrastructure from attack thanks to several factors, including the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>The newness and complexity of the 5G technology stack.</li> <li>The many moving parts of 5G, both figuratively and literally, because of virtualization and containerization.</li> <li>Network hosted on standard platforms instead of specialized hardware with custom, platform-specific OSes.</li> </ul> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="4. Adaptive leadership and excellent communications"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>4. Adaptive leadership and excellent communications</h2> <p>Many 5G positions call for applicants who can quickly adapt to changes in a complex business and technological environment, such as shifting strategies, evolving requirements and changing timelines. Others call for applicants ready to lead teams by keeping them focused on short-term goals and longer-term strategic objectives, building consensus driven by data and being responsive to new data. All 5G positions seem to call for excellent communications skills, whether clearly communicating to team members what they should be doing and why or communicating to leadership where a project stands and why.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="5. Product development lifecycle and project management"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>5. Product development lifecycle and project management</h2> <p>Because the 5G market is so new, quickly growing and changing, many companies are looking for applicants with experience bringing software or hardware products or operator services from concept to deliverables. Many employers want some project management experience or even project management professional certification. Others want experienced developers familiar with Agile development methodologies, like DevOps, and well versed in the tools associated with Agile development.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="And everything else"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>And everything else</h2> <p>Requirements vary widely among jobs, but in addition to the specific qualities and skills described above, a couple of other themes recur widely. A few other high-level 5G skills include the following:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Overall adaptability, as exemplified by the needs for adaptive leadership qualities.</li> <li>An understanding of enterprise network services generally, especially SDN and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vShAb_niOvE&amp;ab_channel=EyeonTech">software-defined WAN</a>.</li> <li>Familiarity with current and emerging 5G use cases, such as dense or real-time responsive IoT networking.</li> </ul> <p>Experience in relevant verticals is always a plus as well. If a company's main clients are manufacturers, experience with networking in manufacturing companies is highly desired.</p> <p><i>John Burke is CTO and principal research analyst with Nemertes Research. With nearly two decades of technology experience, he has worked at all levels of IT. His focus areas include AI, cloud, networking, infrastructure, automation and cybersecurity.</i></p> </section> In the evolving 5G job market, service providers, systems integrators and enterprises are looking for applicants who have experience and aspirations in five broad areas. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/mobile_g1155402179.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/What-5G-skills-are-most-in-demand Tue, 14 Oct 2025 11:29:00 GMT <p>Identifying the devices on your network is a critical security task. After all, you can't secure what you don't know. While plenty of fancy configuration management tools list the nodes on a network, sometimes the simple and straightforward utilities are best.</p> <p>Arp-scan is a tool that discovers and identifies IPv4 network nodes by using Address Resolution Protocol (<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/Address-Resolution-Protocol-ARP">ARP</a>) queries to generate a comprehensive list of devices. Its use of ARP sets arp-scan well apart from scanners that rely on ping (ICMP), TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) scans. Many tools operate at <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/OSI">OSI</a> Layer 3, such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/How-to-use-Nmap-to-scan-a-network-for-documentation">Nmap</a>. Not all network devices respond to such higher-level scans. Because ARP is a fundamental component of networking, an arp-scan query at OSI Layer 2 will almost certainly succeed.</p> <p>Arp-scan has a specific limitation. Because ARP is not routable, an arp-scan is limited to the local subnet. This is often exactly what you want: a focused, direct and easily controlled scan. For a broader network scan, consider Nmap, <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchNetworking/tutorial/Use-Angry-IP-Scanner-to-audit-the-network">Angry IP Scanner</a> or a similar tool.</p> <p>Let's look at how to install arp-scan, basic scan options and then evaluate use cases.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How to install arp-scan"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How to install arp-scan</h2> <p>Installing arp-scan on your Linux penetration testing box is as simple as calling up your distribution's preferred package manager.</p> <p>For Ubuntu, Debian and similar distributions, type:</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">apt install arp-scan</span></p> <p>On Fedora, Alpine Linux, Rocky or Red Hat Enterprise Linux distros, type:</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">dnf install arp-scan</span></p> <p>On openSUSE, type:</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">zypper install arp-scan</span></p> <p>On Arch Linux, type :</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">pacman -S arp-scan</span></p> <p>Many security-oriented distributions, such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Top-Kali-Linux-tools-and-how-to-use-them">Kali Linux</a>, include arp-scan by default.</p> <p>Mac users should <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchVirtualDesktop/tip/How-to-install-Homebrew-on-macOS-for-software-distribution">install the Homebrew Mac package manager</a> and then type the following command to install arp-scan:</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">brew install arp-scan</span></p> <p>The installation is more challenging for Windows users. You'll need an arp-scan port (check GitHub), the Cygwin Unix-like environment or Windows Subsystem for Linux. After installing arp-scan, run it from the Terminal. It's a command-line application.</p> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image-1-h.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image-1-h_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image-1-h_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image-1-h.jpg 1280w" alt="Screenshot of checking arp-scan installation status and version" data-credit="Damon Garn"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Check the arp-scan installation status and version with the arp-scan -version command. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How to run an initial scan"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How to run an initial scan</h2> <p>Arp-scan works by sending ARP requests to all IP addresses in a specified range. These requests ask the receiving computers to respond to the source device with their IP address. This is an integral part of basic IP networking, so all systems should respond. Arp-scan records each response and displays the results.</p> <p>The basic arp-scan syntax relies on a user to identify a network interface and the subnet you want to scan.</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">arp-scan -I &lt;interface-id&gt; &lt;subnet&gt;</span></p> <p>For example, to scan subnet 192.168.2.0/24 on interface eth1, type:</p> <p><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">arp-scan -I eth1 192.168.2.0/24</span></p> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image2-h.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image2-h_half_column_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image2-h_half_column_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image2-h.jpg 1280w" alt="Screenshot of arp-scan responses" data-credit="Damon Garn" height="73" width="279"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>The default results show responding system MAC addresses, IP addresses and interface manufacturers (if available). </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>The results include all devices that respond to the ARP query. Arp-scan identifies them by media access control (MAC) and IP address, along with the network interface card manufacturer. The scan should finish quickly, since there's not much to the protocol.</p> <p>Wireless networks also rely on MAC addresses, so you can specify your system's wireless interface as the source. This is a handy option for finding rogue wireless devices on your network.</p> <h3>Additional arp-scan options</h3> <p>Various arp-scan options can modify the tool's behavior. Combine the following with the standard scan options for greater flexibility:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li><b><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">-q </span>(quiet mode).</b> Displays only MAC and IP addresses without showing interface manufacturer information.</li> <li><b><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">-x</span> (plain mode).</b> Hides the default header and footer information, making it easier to import the scan's results into other formats, such as CSV.</li> <li><b><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">-g</span>.</b> Ignores any duplicate responses.</li> <li><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;"><strong>-r 3</strong></span><b>.</b> Specifies the number of retries (three, in this example).</li> <li><b><span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">-R</span>.</b> Randomizes the scan order of specified hosts.</li> </ul> <p>Review the <a href="https://linux.die.net/man/1/arp-scan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">arp-scan man page</a> for additional options. Combine the various options to gather and format the information needed.</p> <figure class="main-article-image half-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image3-h.jpg"> <img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image3-h_half_column_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image3-h_half_column_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/arpscan-image3-h.jpg 1280w" alt="screenshot of expanded results from an arp-scan" data-credit="Damon Garn" height="91" width="279"> <figcaption> <i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Use one or more -v options for more detailed output results. </figcaption> <div class="main-article-image-enlarge"> <i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i> </div> </figure> <p>The <span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">arp-fingerprint</span> command is part of the arp-scan package. Use it to target a single host.</p> <p>Increase the arp-scan output verbosity by using the <span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;">-v</span> option. The results display scan passes in progress, packet length details, debug information and more. Use multiple v options for greater detail (such as<span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;"> -vvv</span>).</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Arp-scan use cases"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Arp-scan use cases</h2> <p>Keep in mind that arp-scan does not attempt to hide from intrusion detection systems or other scan prevention tools. Its queries are obvious and noisy. If you prefer a stealthy scan, consider other tools. Netdiscover, for example, might be a good alternative. ARP traffic, however, is a normal part of networking, so other communications could camouflage your scan.</p> <p>Use arp-scan in any scenario where detecting network nodes is crucial but hiding your actions is not. Consider the following examples:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>Network mapping and reconnaissance. Map networks for security audits or scan for unexpected and unknown devices.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/white-hat">Ethical hacking</a>. Map networks and identify devices during pen testing or other legitimate security activities.</li> <li>Troubleshooting. Identify active network nodes as part of a larger troubleshooting process.</li> </ul> <p>Other network scanners, such as Nmap, work one layer higher in the OSI model than arp-scan. This provides greater functionality, but it also limits some of their usefulness. Since arp-scan operates at OSI Layer 2, it scans only the local segment. It will, however, find nodes other scanners might miss. Combine arp-scan and Nmap scans for best results. An arp-scan's simplicity is its greatest asset.</p> <p><i>Damon Garn owns Cogspinner Coaction and provides freelance IT writing and editing services. He has written multiple CompTIA study guides, including the Linux+, Cloud Essentials+ and Server+ guides, and contributes extensively to Informa TechTarget, The New Stack and CompTIA blogs.</i></p> </section> An arp-scan delivers a fast, focused scan of an organization's local subnet. It is not fancy, but it's an easily controlled method to learn exactly what's connected. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineimages/code_g1297696209.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tutorial/How-to-use-arp-scan-to-discover-network-hosts Wed, 17 Sep 2025 09:03:00 GMT <p>Wireless security risks affect overall network safety and resilience.</p> <p>The best thing is to acknowledge that wireless ecosystems have security gaps. Ignoring known wireless vulnerabilities leads to unmitigated risks that are difficult to defend when something goes wrong.</p> <p>Wireless-related flaws create unnecessary business risks, which <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/feature/A-list-of-wireless-network-attacks">come in many forms</a>. The obvious culprits -- hackers attempting to gain network access with malware or man-in-the-middle attacks -- don't always need the most focus. The greatest security risks can be the most easily avoidable. Focusing on basic aspects of wireless security ensures that teams won't overlook some of the most common risks.</p> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Common wireless security risks"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Common wireless security risks</h2> <p>No amount of inherent Wi-Fi security offsets poor wireless implementation and oversight. A smart approach to wireless and mobile security keeps business assets under control while affording users the computing freedom they're looking for.</p> <p>Some IT and security professionals <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/Wi-Fi-vs-Ethernet-Whats-the-difference-and-which-is-better">eschew Wi-Fi altogether in favor of Ethernet's faster speeds</a>, more reliable performance and better security. However, avoiding the technology instead of using compensating controls isn't always best. Not every device can easily connect to Ethernet. Mobile devices, such as cellphones, need special adapters that aren't always provided. As such, it's important that network teams address wireless flaws to have a secure network.</p> <p>Common wireless security issues include the following:</p> <ol class="default-list"> <li><b>Outside wireless access points and routers.</b> Some organizations use wireless APs and routers that fall outside the organization's patch management standards. Connected users and outside attackers introduce and exploit vulnerabilities such as the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/news/450428414/KRACK-WPA2-vulnerability-might-be-more-hype-than-risk">KRACK attack</a>. Random wireless hotspots at home and while traveling can also leave mobile devices vulnerable to attack.</li> <li><b>Minimal monitoring. </b>If teams don't monitor the network for attacks and other malicious use, they might fail to prevent bigger wireless security risks. Malware infections and data exfiltration can cause serious harm to networks and enterprises. Constant monitoring helps teams uncover attacks before they start. Beyond security, wireless monitoring helps teams see useful metrics such as wireless speeds, quality and performance.</li> <li><b>Limited visibility of the network's signal spectrum.</b> Wireless networks operate on <a target="_blank" href="https://reolink.com/blog/wifi-frequency/" rel="noopener">three bands</a>: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 6 GHz. Without visibility into these signals, teams lack control and can unnecessarily expose their networks to unauthorized wireless signals. Understanding which devices operate on the organization's wireless network spectrum can alert IT and security personnel to new wireless devices, such as hosts and APs, in the vicinity. Tools such as Wi-Fi spectrum analyzers help gain visibility into the wireless signal spectrum.</li> <li><b>Outdated wireless security protocols. </b>Ensuring networks have up-to-date security protocols is crucial, especially with wireless. <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/Wireless-encryption-basics-Understanding-WEP-WPA-and-WPA2">Outdated wireless security protocols</a> such as <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/Wi-Fi-Protected-Access">WPA</a> and WEP are easy to exploit. Most modern devices are now equipped with WPA2 and WPA3 security protocols.</li> <li><b>Wi-Fi Protected Setup</b> <b>without intruder lockout.</b> WPS is a feature on Wi-Fi that enables devices to connect without a password for a short time. This can either be done by pushing a button or entering an 8-digit PIN. However, bad actors can take advantage of this feature. Without intruder lockout, an attacker can crack the WPS PIN and capture the WPA encryption key.</li> <li><b>Network access control that doesn't include Wi-Fi.</b> Without including Wi-Fi in its scope, network access control only provides a false sense of security. Unauthenticated and improperly secured devices can access internal parts of the network, creating security risks.</li> <li><b>No web content filtering.</b> Organizations have different networks depending on the user. The <i>production network </i>enables employees to connect to their necessary resources, while guest Wi-Fi is for those outside of the organization seeking internet access. Both should have web <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/content-filtering">content filtering</a>, especially on guest networks. Otherwise, it can create issues with HR-mandated acceptable-use policies and increase the risk of malware infections.</li> <li><b>Lack of network segmentation. </b>Guest Wi-Fi should remain segmented from the rest of the network to keep proprietary data secure. In improperly segmented wired and wireless networks, guest wireless can gain access to internal production network subnets.</li> <li><b>Weak encryption ciphers and protocols.</b> Critical business systems such as external-facing servers and web applications indirectly pose wireless security risks if their ciphers and protocols are weak or outdated. Those prone to cracking include Rivest Cipher 4 and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/answer/What-are-the-differences-between-symmetric-and-asymmetric-encryption-algorithms">Triple Data Encryption Standard</a>, Transport Layer Security 1.0, and Secure Sockets Layer 2.0.</li> <li><b>Wireless networks don't comply with existing security policies.</b> When wireless networks deviate from existing security policies and response plans, they leave indefensible gaps in the event of an incident or breach. Consistent security audits and re-evaluations can help tighten those gaps.</li> <li><b>WPA2.</b> While it's the most common security protocol currently running on wireless networks, WPA2 is also vulnerable to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/dictionary-attack">dictionary crack attacks</a>. Changing over to WPA3-enabled devices minimizes that risk. However, as that might not be immediately possible, using long and complex passphrases or keys minimizes this risk.</li> </ol> <p>Some vulnerabilities are more critical than others, depending on the context. Regardless, fixing known wireless security risks is crucial, no matter the context. Most of the prior vulnerabilities don't require a cost increase to network budgets to fix, either.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="WPA3 prevents wireless security weaknesses"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>WPA3 prevents wireless security weaknesses</h2> <p>The newest wireless <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-certified-wpa3-security" rel="noopener">security standard</a> -- WPA3 -- mitigates current Wi-Fi weaknesses through the following features:</p> <ul class="default-list"> <li>A key exchange protocol that effectively eliminates dictionary attacks.</li> <li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/answer/How-can-you-use-perfect-forward-secrecy-for-mobile-security">Perfect forward secrecy</a> to prevent hackers from cracking previously captured traffic.</li> <li>Wi-Fi Certified Easy Connect to simplify and secure the wireless connectivity process. This replaces Wi-Fi Protected Setup and enables IoT device connectivity.</li> <li>Opportunistic wireless encryption that protects unauthenticated or open service set identifier connections.</li> </ul> <p>Even if organizations implement WPA3, they can still be exposed to someone mimicking a legitimate AP -- the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/evil-twin"><i>evil twin</i></a> vulnerability. This attack has been around since Wi-Fi's inception. Not only can an evil twin attack exploit network systems and information, but organizations will likely never know about it when it happens. Mitigate this vulnerability using a wireless intrusion prevention system.</p> </section> <section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="User training"> <h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>User training</h2> <p>User training, while not guaranteed to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/WLAN-security-Best-practices-for-wireless-network-security">reduce wireless security risks</a>, can go a long way. Talk to users about attacks that can and have happened when connecting to vulnerable or exploitive wireless environments. Encourage VPN connections, and advise them to only connect to trusted wireless networks. Tell them never to disable their endpoint security controls, especially their firewalls and antimalware software.</p> <p>User training shouldn't be one-and-done. Continuous training is crucial for wireless security. Training should cover not only the basics, but updated information as well. This includes not only emerging threats, but technologies as well. As more networks integrate 5G and AI capabilities, users should know how they affect the network. Review security policies quarterly, and ensure users are trained at least two or three times a year.</p> <p><i>Kevin Beaver is an independent information security consultant, writer and professional speaker with Atlanta-based Principle Logic, LLC. With more than 30 years of experience in the industry, Beaver specializes in performing vulnerability and penetration tests, as well as virtual CISO consulting work.</i></p> </section> Wi-Fi is a boon to productivity, but it can also create serious security issues. Learn how any company can uncover and fortify their wireless security setup. https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/visuals/searchEnterpriseDesktop/windows_systems_security/enterprisedesktop_article_014.jpg https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/11-common-wireless-security-risks-you-dont-have-to-take Mon, 08 Sep 2025 12:00:00 GMT 60 webmaster@techtarget.com